Growing trees on farmland continues to be a promising land-use option for smallholders in Indonesia as they look to diversify their enterprises beyond the main agricultural sector. While most smallholders integrate trees into their farming systems, selling timber and other tree products has usually been infrequent and opportunistic. Because of this infrequent trade, most smallholders rarely adopt silvicultural practices that would increase the commercial value of their trees. A research project trialled an alternative approach to forestry extension in Indonesia, known as the Master TreeGrower (MTG) training course. The MTG training courses used a farmer-centred approach to teach smallholders about forest science and took participants to market hubs so they could better understand how different forest products were valued by traders. The MTG training approach was trialled in 2014 in five districts in Indonesia and involved 118 smallholders and 27 non-farmers as course participants. This article reports on a recent evaluation of the MTG training courses held about three years earlier to explore the enduring impacts of the training approach and whether it can be scaled-out to other areas of Indonesia. The evaluation data were collected via focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, household surveys and observations at three project sites: Pati (Central Java), Gunungkidul (Yogyakarta) and Bulukumba (South Sulawesi). A questionnaire was distributed among the participants of the FGDs to assess the extent different knowledge and skills of tree management that had been adopted by them following the MTG courses. The evaluation of the MTG approach revealed that the courses were effective in increasing smallholders' knowledge of commercial forestry and their silvicultural skills. Many participants were more active with silviculture and planned to invest further in commercial forestry following the MTG training. In effect, the MTG training appeared to change the hearts and minds of the farmers about how commercial forestry could enhance their livelihoods.

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Encouraging smallholders to diversify their livelihoods has been a long-held policy objective of many governments to create resilient rural communities that can cope with seasonal variations in food production and price fluctuations in commercial markets. Due to the dynamic nature of smallholders' livelihoods, the relative contribution of different sources to household income often remains unclear. Recent research in Indonesia used a household survey of a stratified sample of smallholders (n = 240) in eight villages (five districts) to obtain data of smallholders' income and the relative importance of agroforestry. The research analysed income data from the same households (80%) collected in 2013, 2017 and 2020, providing longitudinal data of livelihoods and household income. Results revealed important information about the nature of Indonesia's rural economy, whereby many smallholders received most of their income from off-farm sources (56% of income). While most smallholders still reported farming as their primary occupation, their families' livelihoods are diverse and mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. Even the mix of farming enterprises is evolving, with agroforestry a prominent land-use and source of household income in Indonesia (29% of income), indicating that smallholders are intentionally diversifying their land-use and livelihoods. Our research found that conventional agricultural enterprises generated just 14% of household income, yet remains vital for household food security. The high proportion of off-farm income for smallholders has important implications for land management and rural development across Indonesia, as smallholders forgo intensification of their farming systems and instead opt for diversification-and at scale, creating resilient landscapes and livelihoods.

The people of Gunungkidul have long experience in rehabilitation program. They manage marginal land be productive community forest. While, the quality of timber from community forest is lower than produced by Perhutani. It is caused the community forest has not been applied intensive silviculture technique. This community engagement program aims to: (1) up grade the farmer knowledge about intensive silviculture technique; (2) rise the farmer awareness for importance of applying intensive silviculture technique; (3) build up the farmer skill to apply intensive silviculture technique; (4) motivate the farmer to produce superior teak seedling and organic fertilizer independently. The target group of this program is the farmer group of Ngudi Makmur at Watusigar Village, Ngawen District, Gunungkidul Regency. This program was held on 2015 to 2016. The methods applied in this program are socialization, field study, training, practice, and technical assistance. The results of this program are demonstration plot of superior teak stand, hedge orchard and nursery of superior teak, and organic fertilizer using Trichoderma sp. This program also succesfull for increase of knowledge, awareness, skills and independence of farmer in applying of intensive silviculture technique.

The land ownership of smallholder private forest farmers is relatively narrows, so some reseachers argue that the forest product is not appropriate to fulfill daily needs. To increase and spread the private forest management risk, farmers diversify crops into several species. In order to identify the farmer strategy through optimizing the land, we developed household survey for 90 respondents from 3 villages in Batur Agung zone, Ledok Wonosari zone and Pegunungan Seribu zone. The survey results showed that private forest utilization by agroforestry is a type of local wisdom, as farmers 'strategy to fulfill the farmers' need. Private forest contribution toward total income in Gunungkidul is 13-40%. The biggest contribution for farmer in Batur Agung zone and Ledok Wonosari is from trees (59-61%), while for farmer in Pegunungan Seribu is from crops (59%).Keywords: Agroforestry; Local wisdom; Gunungkidul; Private forest; Survey; Strategy. ABSTRAKPetani hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Gunungkidul mempunyai lahan yang relatif sempit sehingga hasilnya tidak dapat digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup. petani hutan rakyat melakukan strategi diversifikasi jenis tanaman penyusun hutan rakyat. Petani hutan rakyat melakukan strategi diversifikasi jenis tanaman penyusun hutan rakyat untuk meningkatkan hasil dan menyebar resiko pengelolaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi petani hutan rakyat dalam memanfaatkan lahan dan kontribusinya terhadap penghidupan. Survei dilakukan terhadap 90 responden di tiga desa dari 3 zona (Batur Agung, Ledok Wonosari dan Pegunungan Seribu). Hasil survei menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan lahan hutan rakyat dengan teknik agroforestri merupakan strategi diversifikasi yang dilakukan petani dalam pengoptimalan penggunaan lahan hutan rakyat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Pilihan strategi diversifikasi pemanfaatan lahan hutan rakyat merupakan kearifan lokal masyarakat. Kontribusi hutan rakyat terhadap pendapatan petani di Kabupaten Gunungkidul adalah 13-40%. Bagi petani hutan rakyat di zona Baturagung dan Ledokwonosari kontribusi terbesar berasal