The purpose of this review was to evaluate the hazard Index and Incremental life cancer risks associated with heavy metal contaminations of the soil for residents in the country. In order of magnitude: Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, Fe, Mn, and Cr have the highest Hazard Index in all the soil samples analyzed by different researchers in the country. In all the heavy metals reviewed, the Cd has the highest Incremental Life Cancer Risk followed by Cr, Pb, and Ni. This indicated that most of the areas are highly polluted with Cd, Cr, and Pb. Therefore, dwellers of the locations may likely be affected with cancer due to the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with metals. The Overall results suggested that there is probable adverse health effects to an exposed population in all locations reviewed. Therefore, an effort will be made to prevent the transfer of heavy metals in the soil to the surrounding environment should be encouraged and soil remediation to further reduce the concentration of heavy metals needs to be affected immediately at root level.

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the hazard Index and Incremental life cancer risks associated with heavy metal contaminations of the soil for residents in the country. Many scientific articles have been accessible online in the Nigeria were evaluated for the estimation of [Hazard Index and Incremental Life Cancer Risk] for individual heavy metals. The heavy metals considered in this work are; [Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), and Cadmium (Cd)] The concentrations of these metals were obtained from the literature and modeled for, hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (ILCR) via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathways for adults following the United State Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] method. The hazard index for all the exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact) was found to be 21914, 1020.7, 580.8, 2.641, 0.272, 0.05165, 0.021, and 0.011[mg/kg/day], for Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Cd respectively. United States EPA considered an overall hazard index value of 1.0 as an acceptable threshold below which no observable clinical effect was reported. In order of magnitude: Fe > Mn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, Fe, Mn, and Cr have the highest Hazard Index in all the soil samples analyzed by different researchers in the country. In all the heavy metals reviewed, the Cd has the highest Incremental Life Cancer Risk followed by Cr, Pb, and Ni. This indicated that most of the areas are highly polluted with Cd, Cr, and Pb. Therefore, dwellers of the locations may likely be affected with cancer due to the ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact with metals. The Overall results suggested that there is probable adverse health effects to an exposed population in all locations reviewed. Therefore, an effort will be made to prevent the transfer of heavy metals in the soil to the surrounding environment should be encouraged and soil remediation to further reduce the concentration of heavy metals needs to be effected immediately at root level.

Smokers and users of smokeless tobacco are at risk for fatal illnesses. These could be brought on by the quantity of radioactive, carcinogenic, and harmful to living things, radioactive isotopes from the decay chain of uranium and thorium present. An extensive assessment of the health effects on users was deemed necessary due to the rising intake of both smoke and smokeless tobacco. Particularly, the use of smokeless tobacco has grown significantly as a result of its widespread availability and the false perception that it is less harmful than smoking. The epidemic of tobacco smoking in its many forms has been a serious worldwide health problem with far-reaching effects, and its myriad harmful effects on health have long been documented. In this study, radiological consequences of smoke and smokeless tobacco were researched in the literature for publications up to 2022. Research Gate, Pub Med, and Google Scholar are a few of the literature databases that were searched. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco-related diseases caused over 8 million deaths in 2017 alone, and if current trends continue, it predicts that this number would rise to about 1 billion in the 21st century. Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between tobacco use and debilitating diseases like cancer, insulin resistance, hypertension, acute respiratory sickness, osteoporosis, etc. Increasing amounts of evidence, albeit still sparse, point to its potential role in negatively influencing reproductive capacity and outcomes in women of reproductive age. This article offers a current assessment of the literature on the harmful effects of smoking and using smokeless tobacco on both male and female reproductive health as well as the detrimental impacts on the unborn child. Data now available points to a connection between chronic tobacco use and ovarian shape and function deterioration, oocyte quality, hormonal disruptions, fetal development, and long-term health impacts on the fetus, the risks of smoke and smokeless tobacco products may be better understood as a result of a greater understanding of these issues. Most of the collected data showed that smoke and smokeless tobacco both had increased radioactivity.

Environmental natural background ionizing radiation contamination and degradation is a global concern because of its negative effect on public health. Public health risk continues to be one of the environmental and public concerns in Nigeria. The emission of natural background ionizing radiation from the outer space, crust of the earth, food, and water and construction materials contributed a lot to the public environmental exposure. The populations’ exposure to background radiation emanated from terrestrial, cosmic, and internal radiation account for 82% which are out of control. Present work was aimed to carry out an investigational study of the natural background ionizing radiation levels, identify locations with high or low BIR and assess the health effect within Nigeria’s communities based on the available data extracted from the literatures and establish a baseline data of exposure rate, absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent, and excess life cancer risk from outdoor and indoor background radiation. This dosimetric study of natural background radiation in Nigeria is important to monitor the levels of radiation to which people are exposed directly or indirectly. Recently, several studies have been done in Nigeria and different values were reported based on indoor and outdoor background radiation doses. In this paper, a review and literature survey of natural background ionizing radiation was carried out. The data extracted based on indoor and outdoor revealed that Plateau, Oyo, River, Delta and Ondo, Sokoto, Kano and Niger have the highest value of dose rate compared to the world average value. The order of magnitude of the dose rate were Plateau > Oyo > Rive > Delta > Ondo and River > Plateau > Sokoto > Kano > Oyo > Ondo > Delta > Niger for Indoor and outdoor respectively. The highest outdoor & indoor annual effective doses were observed in OYO, Sokoto, Ondo, Delta, Akwanga, Plateau, and River. The results were comparatively greater than the world acceptable limit of 1.0 mSv/y. The order of magnitude of annual effective are OYO > Sokoto > Ondo > Niger Delta and Akwanga > Plateau > Delta > River for outdoor and indoor respectively. The regions with highest excess life cancer risks in Nigeria were observed in Oyo, Akwanga, Ondo, Plateau, River, Kaduna, Anambra, Port court, Abuja, Delta, Ibadan and Kano. Radiation cancer induction values obtained were remarkably high compared to world average value of 0.29×10-3. The amount of radiation absorbed by individual organs exposed to high natural background radiation areas were observed to be highest in tests organ, the order of magnitude were Tests > Bone marrow > Whole body > Lung > Ovaries > Kidney > Liver. But all the estimated mean values of organs doses were remarkably lower than that of world average value. Since the mean absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose in several areas is higher than 0.084µSv/h and 1.0 mSv/year for general public in many locations, long term exposure of the public to these radiations may lead to radiation induced health hazard such as erythema, skin cancer, genetic mutation and sterility.

The populace continues to turn to primary healthcare centers as their first port of call for medical attention. The majority of people who visit primary healthcare facilities (PHCs) are women and children, whose health has a direct impact on the future of the nation. As a result, PHCs are under pressure to deliver high-quality treatment. One of the healthcare institutions in Maiyama Local Government that needs dependable energy is the Primary Healthcare Center (PHC) that has been chosen. They use a diesel-powered system as their main source of power supply because the electricity supply is unstable. This puts a strain on their operations resources and has a severe impact on people and the environment. The answer to Maiyama's inconsistent, expensive, and unsafe power source is a change in the energy system. LG, and its goal is to raise the standard of healthcare delivery services. It is assumed that greater healthcare services would be available once improved energy sources are in place. The solution was suggested to be a solar-powered system with battery storage, a charge controller, and an inverter. Electricity for the vaccine refrigerator, ceiling fans, light bulbs, and mobile charge station will be provided by the proposed powered system. For each primary health center, the cost of the solar PV system's components [such as PV panels, inverters, batteries, and charge controllers] was calculated. Electrical appliances were projected to use 29,129.41 watt hours per day, 13647.05 watt hours per day, 54174.118 watt hours per day, and 14738.82 watt hours per day for Kawara, Maiyama, Andarai, and Mayalo, respectively. Based on the foregoing Observed outcomes each health center under study's needs was taken into account while designing the solar PV system. According to estimates, PV panels will cost correspondingly ₦1,264,000, ₦632,000, ₦2,370,000, and ₦395,000 for Kawara, Maiyama, Andarai, and Mayalo. The total amount all centers had to pay on PV panels was ₦4,661,000. Similar to this, it was determined that the cost of the inverter utilized in the design was ₦280,000 for the four PHCs, while the cost of the battery was projected to be ₦646,800, ₦1,176,000, ₦4,555,726, and ₦953,442 for Kawara, Maiyama, and Andarai, respectively. For this project, the cost of the inverter and charge controller needed to create the PV system was estimated for each primary health center that was chosen. 4 inverters' combined costs were calculated and determined to be. Each charge controller is expected to cost ₦30,000 and cost ₦210,000. For Kawara, Maiyama, Andarai, and Mayalo Primary Health Center, respectively, the cross-sectional area of each cable needed for the connection between PV& battery, Battery & Inverter, and Inverter & Load was projected to be 3.569 10-6 m2, 2.436 10-6m2, and 2.727 10-6m2. This study's findings support the usage of solar PV systems in primary health centers since they are less expensive to operate, extremely dependable, and have a life expectancy of 20 to 30 years.