In hypothyroid cases, H. pylori gastritis may be responsible for an inadequate response to the treatment. H. pylori eradication in the cases receiving high doses of thyroxine has a risk for thyrotoxicosis.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) consists of a group of closely related species that differ in their epidemiological profiles, host ranges, pathogenicities, geographic distributions, and drug resistances. Identification of members in the MTBC is essential for monitoring the epidemiology of tuberculosis (TB) and implementing appropriate public health control measures. In this study, 188 consecutive MTBC clinical isolates from 2007 to 2010 were evaluated to determine the prevalence of MTBC species in Turkey. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) of the gyrB gene were used, and results for species other than M. tuberculosis were confirmed using the GenoType MTBC assay (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany). Most of the strains were found to be M. tuberculosis (94.1%). The prevalences of M. bovis and M. caprae were 4.3% and 1.6%, respectively. Only one M. bovis BCG strain was identified. Overall, the frequency of bovine tuberculosis in humans was 5.3%. We had assumed that bovine TB infection was under control in animal herds, but primary M. bovis infections in humans caused by transmission from infected animals are still an issue in Turkey. Our results indicate that the frequent identification of M. bovis in routine mycobacteriological laboratory work has further importance due to the well-known resistance of this species to pyrazinamide.The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) consists of a group of closely related Mycobacterium species, including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, and M. caprae. These species are the primary cause of tuberculosis in humans, and they also infect wild and domesticated animals. The close interrelatedness of these species has been demonstrated by DNA-DNA hybridization, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes and the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacers (12,16).However, the epidemiology, host range, pathogenicity, geographic distribution, and drug resistance of these species are quite different (12,16,22). Different species display different phenotypic characteristics according to conventional biochemical tests. Because differentiation of species in the MTBC by these methods is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and dependent on sufficient bacterial growth, these tests may not be performed routinely in every laboratory (19,23). Therefore, various molecular methods have been used for differentiation, such as DNA sequencing (i.e., gyrB and hsp65) and PCR amplification of regions of differences (RDs) or spoligotyping (9,11,26,29,30). Although they are rapid and more accurate than the conventional methods, such procedures usually require specialized molecular laboratories and technical experience (22,26,29).In this study, our goal was to determine the distribution of consecutive MTBC isolates at the species level from 2007 to 2010 in one of the largest research and training hospitals in Istanbul. We also wished to investigate the current status of bovine tuberculosis in Turkey. To our kn...

ÖzetAmaç: Hem ölüme neden olabilmeleri hem de günümüzde etkili tedavilerin geliştirilememiş olması nedeniyle, viral gastroenterit etkenlerinin sürveyansı hastalığın epidemiyolojisi ve bunun hasta yönetimi üzerine etkileri açısından önem arz etmektedir. AbstractObjective: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the leading causes of death in childhood. Effective treatment of the disease has not yet been developed. Surveillance of causative enteric viruses has special importance in terms of the epidemiology of the disease and its impact on individual patient management. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of rotavirus group A and enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41 in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis symptoms. Methods: 1358 stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis cases, collected in the pediatric outpatient clinics from September 2008 to July 2009, were included in the study. The SD rota/adeno (Standard Diagnostics, Inc. Korea) immunochromatographic test was used for the detection of rotavirus group A and enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41 antigens. Results: The viral antigens were detected in 348 of the total 1358 (25%) stool specimens. The established incidence rates were 23.7% for rotavirus, 1.5% for adenovirus and 0.4% for both rotavirus and adenovirus respectively. Although the highest rotavirus antigen detection rate was determined in the <2 age group with 51%, it was detected with high rates in every age group. In addition, rotavirus infections were mostly observed during winter (46%) and spring (39%) months. Conclusions:The detection of both viruses may be useful for epidemiological purposes. Girişİnfektif gastroenterit, bebeklik ve çocukluk dönemin-de sık görülen hastalıklardandır. Üç yaşa kadar olan ço-cuklar, yılda ortalama bir veya iki defa hastalığa yakalanır (1,2). Akut gastroenterit, aşırı dehidratasyon sonucu ölüme neden olabilmektedir. Ülkemizde, ishal çocuk ölümü nedenleri arasında beşinci sırada bulunmaktadır (1-3). Hayatın ilk 5 yıllık döneminde karşılaşılan akut gastroenterit vakaların %70'inde etken olarak viruslar saptanmaktadır (3).

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