No abstract

Although the control group included slightly younger volunteers compared with the LBP group, the stability index of the core spine significantly decreased in RHT and RST, especially when visual feedback was blocked for subjects with LBP. The interaction between visual feedback and trunk rotation indicated that core spine stability is critical in coordinating balance control. A trunk muscle imbalance may contribute to unbalanced postural activity, which could prompt a decreased, uncoordinated bracing effect in subjects with LBP. As a result, core spine training could be used in the prevention of postural instability in such subjects.

The Hapchon Dam, located in the headwaters of the Hwang River, Korea, was completed in 1988. Due to low storage levels, the spillway has not been operated over the past decade. Thus, a new ecosystem has become established in the river downstream of the dam. This is not a common phenomenon in Korean rivers. This study investigates the effect of flow regime change on the river morphology and vegetation cover in a reach downstream of the dam following its construction. Geomorphological effects shown by pre-and post-construction surveys of the channel include channel incision over a stream length of approximately 25 km immediately downstream of the dam. Analysis of pre-and post-construction aerial photography reveals significant encroachment of riparian vegetation onto previously active bar surfaces.

Levels of difficulty and enjoyment during VR-based rehabilitation differed depending on the phases of recovery and training mode. Therefore, graded implementation strategies for VR-based rehabilitation are necessary for overcoming patient-perceived difficulty and enhancing enjoyment. Ease of following the directions might be best considered in the very early stage, whereas multisensory feedback may be more necessary in the later stage. Health professionals also should find a way for patients to avoid pain during training. Feedback, such as knowledge of results and performance, should be used appropriately.

We cautiously recommend that habitual wearers of high-heeled shoes (those who walk in such shoes for more than 5 hours more than 6 times a week) undertake intensive ankle stretching exercises in the direction of dorsiflexion as well as eversion.