Introduction:The infections acquired in patients during admission in a hospital and the patients have no evidence of infection before admission in hospital are known as nosocomial infections or hospital acquired infections. The etiological organism may be bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic, found in the air or on hospital items; spreading from one person to another person. The main objective of current study was to assess the knowledge and practices of nurses with respect to the spread of hospital infections in a tertiary hospital of Lahore. Material and methods:A cross sectional, descriptive study was carried out in a tertiary hospital of Lahore, Pakistan during a period of four months from June 2018 to September 2018. Sample size was 120 and simple random sampling was done. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 21.Results: Most of the participants 115(95.8%) were female and 5(4.2%) were male. It was revealed that nurses had enough awareness about the spread of hospital infections. Out of 120 participants, 39 (32.5%) were agree and 34(28.3%) were strongly agree that they are aware of handwashing guidelines, but their practices to reduce the spread of hospital infection were not good since 38(31.7%) were neutral and 9(7.5%) were disagree to follow the recommended guidelines for using alcohol based solutions or other antiseptics before and after each contact with patients. Conclusion:Nurses had a good knowledge regarding the spread of nosocomial infections, use of safety precautions and use of alcohol based formulations but their practices for reducing the spread of hospital infections were not up to satisfactory level.

Introduction: Placenta has a remarkable reserve capacity to survive in the harmful environment, but some of the damaging factors, especially maternal anemia may have negating effects on placenta which might compromise the fetal well-being. Decreased hemoglobin level in pregnancy is associated with villous hypervascularity and chorangiosis, which can be assessed for diagnostic purposes because it has been considered as a result of placental hypoxia caused by maternal anemia. The objective of this study is to assess the morphological pattern of villous hypervascularity and chorangiosis at different maternal hemoglobin levels. Material and methods:This descriptive study was carried out over a period of 2 years in a tertiary care hospital. Nonprobability convenience sampling was done. Placentas were obtained from 100 full-term pregnant women having different hemoglobin levels. After processing and staining, the slides were examined under light microscope and number of blood vessels were calculated in 10 villi in 10 non-infarcted areas in 3 random fields per each slide under 10X objective. Results:At normal hemoglobin level, all the chorionic villi showed normal number of blood vessels, while at 10.0-10.9 gm/dl, 50% (12 out of 24 cases), at 7-9.9 gm/dl, 36.4% (12 out of 33 cases) and at < 7 gm/dl, 72.2% (13 out of 18 cases) placental specimens showed hypervascularity. Chorangiosis was not seen at hemoglobin level ≥ 10.0 gm/dl while 18.1% (6 out of 33 cases) having hemoglobin level 7-9.9 gm/dl and 27.8% specimens having hemoglobin level ≤ 7.0 gm/dl (5 out of 18 cases) showed chorangiosis Conclusion:In current study number of capillaries per chorionic villi were found to be significantly more at decreasing concentration of hemoglobin, displaying adaptive alterations

Background: As a result of the SARS-CoV-2 related government lockdown, academic institutions in Pakistan, including medical and dental colleges and universities, had to forgo on-site classes and make an emergency shift to online teaching. This study explores the perspective of the faculty, as a key stakeholder, on ways to increase the effectiveness of online teaching and learning at these medical and dental colleges and universities. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional qualitative survey was conducted in April-July 2020 in 32 medical and dental colleges of Pakistan. The sample size was not pre-determined and the participants included teaching faculty of both clinical and basic sciences. Data were iteratively collected and analyzed till data and time saturation were achieved. Thematic analysis of data was done by running two coding cycles. All authors ensured analytical triangulation by analyzing the data independently before developing consensus on the subthemes and themes. Results: One hundred and thirty-two medical teachers responded. Data analysis revealed three themes regarding suggestions to improve teaching methods improve assessment and increase the effectiveness of online teaching and learning. The participants suggested supplementing real-time classes with recorded lectures, providing broadband internet services, using assignment-based and active learning strategies, continuous formative assessment, faculty training, and standardization of online teaching by higher authorities. Conclusion: The current study offers actionable steps to decision makers at medical colleges and universities to make online teaching and learning more efficient and valuable, based on the suggestions from their faculty.

Background: One of the most common difficulties in the operation fatality is perforation peritonitis. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in young patients. Materials and method: In this study, 70 patients were evaluated and clinical examinations and endoscopies were performed at 8 weeks and 6 months. Place and Duration: A population‐based cohort study was conducted at the Gastroenterology department of Sharif Medical College, Lahore for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. Result: Six patients died, and 4 patients were not followed up on, out of a total of 80 patients. There were 62 men and 8 women among the remaining 70 patients. The majority of the patients were between the ages of 35 and 40. After eight weeks, 34 (50%) had no infections on endoscopy, with 34 patients (48.6%) on treatment and 1 (1.4%) not on any therapies. The residual 35 patients (50%) had active ulcers and other positive endoscopic outcomes. Six months after surgery, 56 patients (80%) had no ulcers on endoscopy, with 34 on treatment and 12 without treatment. The rest 14 had some positive endoscopic findings. The study also revealed other factors linked with peptic ulcer perforation and impacting healing in the postoperative phase. Preoperative PUD symptoms, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, chronic drug consumption (NSAIDs/steroids), smoking, postoperative treatment given and H. pylori infection were all variables. Conclusion: All patients with peptic ulcer perforation should receive H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors as a post - operative therapies, as well as an anti-Helicobacter pylori regimen. Postoperative follow-up should include routine endoscopic examinations of these patients to detect ulcer healing. Keywords: peptic ulcer disease, endoscopies, chronic drug consumption.

Background: The concept of feedback is central to medical education. There is gradual shift from sandwich feedback to Pendleton feedback which is learner centred. Pragmatic worldview was proposed in this study. Certificate in Medical Teaching (CMT) programme was initiated at King Edward Medical University (KEMU) Lahore since 2019.The study objective was to improve learning outcome. Methods: Mixed Method research design was chosen, out of all mixed method procedures “Convergent parallel mixed method design” was followed collecting simultaneously quantitative and qualitative data, then results were analysed and compared separately. This study was carried out from 01-06-2020 to 31-03-2021 at King Edward Medical University Lahore. Sample size of 43 participants from CMT (Certificate in Medical Teaching) Batch 1 and 2 took part in this study. Doctors from clinical side, demonstrators and personnel of Allied health sciences attended this course. A predesigned proforma designed on google form was sent to each participant via e-mail.. Results: Quantitative data collected was interpreted as percentages and in form of tables and presented as pie charts. Qualitative data collected was analysed by segregating data into codes. Corresponding themes were made of each code and presented in tabular form. Conclusion: On the basis of feedback and mixed method approach, it can be concluded that certificate in medical teaching is a new teaching program at king Edward Medical University Lahore which can serve as basis to start master’s degree at this institution. Keywords: Feedback, medical teaching, KEMU