During a 15-year period CD prevalence increased 2-fold in the CLUE cohort and 5-fold overall in the US since 1974. The CLUE study demonstrated that this increase was due to an increasing number of subjects that lost the immunological tolerance to gluten in their adulthood.

Celiac disease (CD) and schizophrenia have approximately the same prevalence, but epidemiologic data show higher prevalence of CD among schizophrenia patients. The reason for this higher co-occurrence is not known, but the clinical knowledge about the presence of immunologic markers for CD or gluten intolerance in schizophrenia patients may have implications for treatment. Our goal was to evaluate antibody prevalence to gliadin (AGA), transglutaminase (tTG), and endomysium (EMA) in a group of individuals with schizophrenia and a comparison group. AGA, tTG, and EMA antibodies were assayed in 1401 schizophrenia patients who were part of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness study and 900 controls. Psychopathology in schizophrenia patients was assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). Logistic regression was used to assess the difference in the frequency of AGA, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and tTG antibodies, adjusting for age, sex, and race. Linear regression was used to predict PANSS scores from AGA and tTG antibodies adjusting for age, gender, and race. Among schizophrenia patients, 23.1% had moderate to high levels of IgA-AGA compared with 3.1% of the comparison group (χ(2) = 1885, df = 2, P < .001.) Moderate to high levels of tTG antibodies were present in 5.4% of schizophrenia patients vs 0.80% of the comparison group (χ(2) = 392.0, df = 2, P < .001). Adjustments for sex, age, and race had trivial effects on the differences. Regression analyses failed to predict PANSS scores from AGA and tTG antibodies. Persons with schizophrenia have higher than expected titers of antibodies related to CD and gluten sensitivity.

The aim of this trial was to compare two different orthodontic retention regimens: is night-only wear of upper and lower Hawley retainers for 1 year as effective as 6 months full-time followed by 6 months night-only wear? Sixty-seven consecutive patients attending for orthodontic debond were randomly allocated to wear upper and lower Hawley retainers either for 1 year night-only (group 1) or for 6 months full-time followed by 6 months night-only (group 2). In group 1, 41.2 per cent were males and 58.8 per cent were females and their mean age was 15.6 years [standard deviation (SD) 1.6 years]. In group 2, 24.2 per cent were males and 75.8 per cent were females and their mean age was 15.8 years (SD 1.2 years). Study models were taken at the start (T0) and end (T1) of treatment and 1 year post-debond (T2). Digital callipers were used to measure upper and lower labial segment irregularity using Little's index and upper and lower labial segment crowding. To evaluate differences between groups 1 and 2 t-tests were used. There were no statistically significant differences between the two retention regimens at T2 for labial segment irregularity or crowding (P > 0.05). Since both retention regimens were equally effective during the 1 year retention period, it would seem clinically acceptable to ask patients to wear their retainers at night only.

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