Infection remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in man, particularly in developing areas where it is associated with poverty and overcrowding. Infectious disease cause nearly 25% of all human deaths. This rate of mortality is increasing day by day due to antibiotic resistance, which is a major concern nowadays. Wound, respiratory tract and urinary tract are commonly associated with bacterial infection in both hospital and community settings. Area-specific monitoring studies aimed to gain knowledge about the type of bacterial pathogens responsible for these kinds of infections and resistance pattern of the causative agents may help clinicians to choose correct treatment regimen. So, the present study was aimed to investigate the pattern of bacteria which are responsible for Urinary tract, respiratory tract and wound infection. In addition, we also determined the antibiotic susceptibility profile of gram negative bacteria isolated from the patients who were attending both in and out patient departments at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital (SSMC & MH) during January, 2009 to December, 2009. In this cross-sectional study, out of 308 clinical samples, a total of 159 (51.62%) samples were found to be positive for bacterial culture. Among the isolates 139 (87.42%) were Gram negative bacteria (Esch. coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp.) and 20 (12.57%) were Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococcus). Antibiotic susceptibility of gram negative bacteria showed members of the Enterobacteriaceae were 100% sensitive to imipenem while they were found variably resistance to other commonly used antibiotics. We conclude that infections in the wound, respiratory and urinary tract are caused by both gram negative and gram positive bacteria. However, the frequency of gram negative bacteria is higher than the gram positive bacteria for these infections. Gram negative bacteria showed sensitive to imipenem and most of them were resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, clinicians should choose imipenem for patients who would be unresponsive to commonly used antibiotics. Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2020, Page 17-24

Background : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global health problems and this virus has many variants that differ from epidemiological distributions, transmission sources, clinical outcomes, diagnostic assays as well as therapeutic responses. HBV was also divided into 9 different subtypes which has distinct geographical distributions and important for the epidemiological studies and vaccine development.Objective : Bangladesh is an intermediate prevalence region for HBV infection, however, very little is known about the incidence of HBV subtypes in circulation. Therefore, we investigated the HBV subtype distribution in Bangladesh.Method : A small cohort was performed on between March 2014 and August 2017 with 172 HBV DNA positive patients from the BSMMU. From them, 29 HBV DNA samples were isolated for sequencing by Sanger method. HBsAg subtypes were determined by identifying of 226 amino acid (aa) positions in the small surface (S) gene.Result : Our study showed that HBV subtype adrq+ was in 17 (58.6%) isolates, ayw3 in 8 (27.5%), ayw2 in 2 (6.9%) and adw2 in 2 (6.9%) isolates.Conclusion : We conclude subtype adrq+ predominant in Bangladesh. This was followed by ayw3, while adw2 and ayw2 were least dominant. Subtype adw2 and adrq+ strains are found to be related with more complication, therefore, patients infected with these HBV strains need to be careful monitoring to assess their clinical outcome in future.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.9(2) Jan 2018: 286-290