Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry is a spice that has been used traditionally for centuries to preserve food and treat for a number of ailments. This research was carried out to analyze phytochemicals and to determine antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of 95 % ethanol flower extract from S. aromaticum (FESA). The GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of 17 bioactive compounds in FESA, with eugenol (56.17 %) the most active compound. Antidiabetic activity study revealed that the inhibitory activity of the FESA against α-glucosidase enzyme was stronger than the activity of Acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. In addition, the FESA exhibited potent antioxidant activity by inhibiting 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) free radicals higher than butylated hydroxyltoluene (BHT), a synthetic antioxidant. Furthermore, the FESA potentially inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells but less effective than Diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The activities of FESA are partly due to the presence of active compounds. The results obtained confirm the antidiabetic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and the traditional used of S. aromaticum for the treatment of diabetes and oxidative and inflammatory-related diseases. HIGHLIGHTS The most predominant bioactive compound in FESA is eugenol (56.17 %), analyzed by GC-MS FESA inhibits α-glucosidase activity significantly higher than acarbose, an antidiabetic drug. The FESA is therefore helpful to delay or possibly prevent the development of the diabetic complication The FESA exhibits DPPH radical scavenging activity is more potent than BHT, an antioxidant compound The FESA can provide a novel natural anti- inflammatory agent resource, as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of FESA on nitric oxide (NO) production GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) Kützing is an edible freshwater macroalga. It is available and consumed as local food in Thailand, especially in the northern and northeastern parts. To ascertain its good benefit for health and safe for consumption, this study was, therefore carried out to determine the phytochemical compositions, nutritional contents, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity of the different extracts from S. neglecta. The extracts were prepared by using different solvents, such as propylene glycol, methanol, and ethanol solutions. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 30, 39 and 36 phytochemical compounds in propylene glycol, methanol, and ethanol extracts, respectively. Phytol, which has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity, was one of the predominant compositions in the extracts. The extracts contained high nutritional contents of protein, lipid, fiber, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate up to 21.68 ± 4.52, 3.53 ± 0.23, 14.77 ± 0.89, 10.73 ± 0.47, 9.79 ± 0.11 and 47.36 ± 3.89 %, respectively. The highest total protein was found in propylene glycol extract. The highest total lipid was in ethanol extract. Meanwhile, the highest fiber, ash and total carbohydrate were in methanol extract. In addition, all the extracts possess relatively low cytotoxicity, with IC50 values greater than 1,000 µg/mL. The extracts 1,000 µg/mL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition Nitric oxide (NO) production by 29.87 ± 1.56 to 55.17 ± 1.91 %. The propylene glycol extracts from S. neglecta showed the highest inhibitory activity on NO production compared to others. The overall results indicating the propylene glycol is the solvent that produces the best extraction performance.  The extracts from S. neglecta exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NO production.  The phytochemical compositions are partly responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts. The high nutritional contents complement relatively low toxic. Thus, S. neglecta can be used as benefit natural sources for food products, supplements, and medicinal plants. HIGHLIGHTS Using GC-MS analysis, there are 30, 39 and 36 phytochemical compounds in propylene glycol, methanol and ethanol extracts from Spirogyra neglecta, respectively The extracts from neglecta possess high nutritional contents of protein, lipid, fiber, ash, moisture, and carbohydrate The extracts from neglecta show relatively low toxic to the RAW 246.7 cells with LC50 >1,000 µg/mL, by MTT assay The extracts from neglecta exhibit anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of NO production. The propylene glycol extract displays the highest activity compared to others The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts is partially from Phytol GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Biological control of Aedes aegypti, the dengue virus vector, is needed to replace synthetic insecticides. This study demonstrated the insecticidal efficacy of water and ethanolic seed extracts of mintweed Hyptis suaveolens (MSE), yam bean Pachyrhizus erosus (YSE) and celery Apium graveolens (CSE) on controlling of Ae. aegypti larvae and adults. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was investigated by brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). Yam bean extracts were highly cytotoxic to brine shrimps. All seed ethanolic extracts were more toxic to mosquitoes than water extracts. The insecticidal efficacy of all extracts ranged as YSE/e > YSE/w > MSE/e > CSE/e > MSE/w > CSE/w. YSE/e was most toxic to Ae. aegypti 2 nd instar larvae and adults with LC50 of 16.22 ± 0.20 µg/ml and 91.41 ± 0.49 µg/ml respectively and much higher than MSE/s and CSE/e. YSE in combinations produced strong synergistic effects to the other extracts. The insecticidal activities of MSE and CSE were mild. They could lessen the activity of YSE. This study demonstrates that the safe utilization of plant seed extracts, particularly of the very toxic yam bean seeds, as Ae. aegypti biological control agents are possible by either individuals or suitable combinations with other plant or seed extracts.

The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of pumpkin rind and seed on antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities and the underlying mechanism. Therefore, this work was carried out to determine the antidiabetic activity using inhibitory activities of pumpkin rind and seeds extracts on α - glucosidase and the anti-inflammatory activity via inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production. And also, the potential of the pumpkin rind and seeds on culture of Chlorella ellipsoidea was determined. Determination of inhibitory activity on α - glucosidase was performed using α - glucosidase assay, while the Griess assay was employed for the inhibition on Nitric oxide (NO) -production. The pumpkin seed extract inhibited α - glucosidase more potent than the pumpkin rind extract (IC50 of 321.36 vs. 326.18 µg/mL). However, the activities of the extracts were less potent than that of Acarbose (IC50 of 317.26 µg/mL). Application of the extracts at the highest concentration, 500 µg/mL, the pumpkin seed extract displayed the inhibition of NO production higher than the pumpkin rind extract did (18.01 ± 1.57 % vs. 14.99 ± 1.94 %). Study on the effects of pumpkin rind and seeds on C. ellipsoidea culture revealed that the optimum media was the 7th medium (NPK+ mixture of pumpkin seed water and Blue-Green Medium (BG-11), 1:4) which generated the growth of C. ellipsoidea for 28 days with the Optical Density (OD) value of 1.43 ± 0.01 followed by BG-11 medium OD value of 1.41 ± 0.02) and the 3rd medium (NPK+ mixture of pumpkin rind water and BG-11, 1:1, OD value of 1.32 ± 0.01), respectively. The chemical contents of C. ellipsoidea cultured in 7th medium contained 54.25 ± 0.06 % protein, 15.95 ± 0.87 % carbohydrates, 9.35 ± 0.05 % fat, and 20.30 ± 0.33 % ash, meanwhile 53.37 ± 0.77 % protein, 12.83 ± 0.62 % carbohydrates, 17.80 ± 0.23 % fat, and 23.30 ± 1.33 % ash in the 3rd medium. The results obtained from this investigation indicate that pumpkin rind and seeds not only can be exploited for the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory components but also can be applied instead of the conventional medium for the culture of C. ellipdoidea. Therefore, bio-waste from pumpkin could be potentially utilized as the source of natural antidiabetic inhibitors, anti-inflammatory drugs and the effective components of C. ellipdoidea culture media. HIGHLIGHTS The pumpkin rind and seed extracts possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties The extracts from pumpkin rind and seeds exhibit antidiabetic activity via α- glucosidase inhibition The extracts from pumpkin rind and seeds display anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting on nitric oxide (NO) production The extracts from pumpkin rind and seeds could be potentially utilized as a source of natural antidiabetic inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs The bio-waste, pumpkin rind and seeds, could be used as the effective components of ellipdoidea culture medium GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

This research aimed to develop the moral responsibility of Grade 9 students through active learning on an online platform to achieve the requirement for at least 70% of the standard. The students who participated in this research were thirty-two students of Grade 9 students who were studying in the second semester of the academic year 2021 from a secondary school, Chaingyuen Pittayokhom School, in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. Eight lesson plans for active learning in the context of genetic inheritance for a total of 12 h were employed. Four aspects of moral responsibility, specific responsibility towards oneself, responsibility for performing duties and assigned tasks, responsibility for their actions, and responsibility towards others were evaluated using the observation and interview approach according to the standard IOC.The research findings revealed that over all, the moral responsibility of the students was at a moderate level with a total average score of 38.69, representing 64.48% for the first spiral of learning organization and at a moderately high level with the total average score of 49.31, representing 82.19% for the second spiral of the learning organization.The results obtained from this research obviously indicate that the active learning on the online platform is a suitable format to develop the moral responsibility of the students with a satisfactory achievement and can be applied to other learning managements.