KEYWORDSTesticular ischemia; Ultrasonography; Color-Doppler; Inguinal hernia repair.Abstract Testicular ischemia is a rare complication of inguinal hernia repair. It results from the injury to the vessels that course along the inguinal canal. Typically it is painful at the beginning and asymptomatic later. Ultrasonographic appearance and aspects of testicular ischemia result in diffusely hypoechoic and disomogeneous testis, with complete lack of intratesticular vascular signal on color-Doppler and cremasteric vessels hypertrophy in chronic cases. This report describes a testicular ischemia seen in a patient referred to because of hernia recurrence, without any sign or symptom of acute scrotum. Ultrasound examination showed the most frequent complications after inguinal hernia repair: both hernia recurrence and testicular ischemia.Sommario L'ischemia testicolare è una delle rare complicanze dell'intervento chirurgico di ernioplastica inguinale. É dovuta a compromissione della vascolarizzazione dei vasi che decorrono nel canale inguinale e si manifesta con dolore, per poi diventare asintomatica. Ecograficamente il testicolo appare ipoecogeno, con struttura modicamente disomogenea e assenza di vascolarizzazione alla valutazione color Doppler; nei casi cronici può essere presente ipertrofia dei vasi cremasterici. Viene presentato un caso di ischemia testicolare post-intervento chirurgico di ernioplastica, in paziente giunto alla nostra osservazione nel sospetto di recidiva d'ernia, senza sintomi di scroto acuto. L'esame ecografico ha mostrato la presenza di entrambe le complicanze post-intervento più frequenti: recidiva d'ernia ed ischemia testicolare. ª
Breast biopsy consists in the collection of cells or tissue fragments from a breast lesion and their analysis by a pathologist. There are several types of breast biopsy defined on the basis of the type of needle used: fine-needle aspiration and biopsy performed with a spring-based needle. This article focuses on fine-needle aspiration performed under sonographic guidance.It is used mainly to assess cysts that appear to contain vegetations or blood or that are associated with symptoms; lesions and solid nodules that are not unequivocally benign; and axillary lymph nodes that appear suspicious on physical examination and/or sonography.In addition to distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions, ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration also plays an important role in tumor grading and in immunocytochemical identifying specific tumor markers. This article describes the technique used and the possible causes of false negative and false positive findings. Despite its limitations, fine-needle aspiration has become a fundamental tool for the identification and preoperative management of malignant breast lesions.
KEYWORDSLymphoma; Lymphoma of the scrotum; Down's syndrome. Abstract Down's syndrome is relatively common, and patients who are affected have an increased risk of developing acute leukemia, but not solid tumors. Studies performed in larger patient populations have shown that solid tumors, including lymphomas, are significantly less frequent in Down patients than in children and adults who are not Trisomy 21-affected. Testicular lymphomas are rare and extremely aggressive. Ultrasound (US) combined with color Doppler is essential in the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment results in these lesions. As they are very rare, it was decided to publish this mini-pictorial essay.Sommario La sindrome di Down è relativamente frequente e i pazienti che ne sono affetti hanno un maggior rischio di sviluppare leucemie acute, ma non tumori solidi. Studi su grandi numeri hanno, infatti, evidenziato come i tumori solidi, tra cui i linfomi, siano, significativamente meno frequenti nei pazienti Down rispetto ai linfomi in bambini e adulti non affetti da trisomia del cromosoma 21. I linfomi testicolari, sono, comunque, rari ed estremamente aggressivi. L'ecografia, associata a color Doppler, riveste un ruolo essenziale nella diagnosi e nella valutazione dei risultati delle terapie di queste lesioni. Per la loro rarità, abbiamo ritenuto opportuno realizzare questo mini-pictorial essay. ª
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