Human-carnivore conflict is manifested in the death of humans, livestock, and carnivores. The resulting negative local attitudes and retribution killings imperil the future of many endangered carnivores. We tailored existing management tools to create a framework to facilitate the selection of actions to alleviate human-carnivore conflict and applied the framework to the human-tiger conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. We identified potential actions that consider previous management efforts, local knowledge, cost-effectiveness, fieldwork experience of authors and project staff, previous research on tiger ecology by the authors, and recommendations from human-carnivore conflict studies in other countries. Our framework includes creation of a profile to improve understanding of the nature of the conflict and its underlying causality. Identified actions include deterrents, education, direct tiger management, and response teams. We ranked actions by their potential to reduce conflict and the monetary cost of their implementation. We ranked tiger-response teams and monitoring problem tigers as the two best actions because both had relatively high impact and cost-effectiveness. We believe this framework could be used under a wide range of human-wildlife conflict situations because it provides a structured approach to selection of mitigating actions.

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One of the main threats to wild tigers Panthera tigris is poaching of natural prey, yet information is lacking about this threat for most of the tiger's range. For tiger conservation in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest of Bangladesh, information is needed to assess the impact of prey poaching and the effectiveness of conservation actions to reduce this threat. This study used an interview survey of people living close to the Sundarbans to estimate the scale of prey poaching, investigate factors driving prey poaching and capture information on the nature of prey consumption. Half of the households reported consuming deer meat, with mean consumption of 1.13 kg per household per year; equivalent to 11 195 deer killed. Deer meat was generally consumed for its good taste, with households closer to the forest boundary and with higher-income levels with relatively higher levels of consumption. Although cost of deer meat was higher than other available meat, 29% of households obtained deer meat for free. Deer meat tended to be obtained from personal contacts, and consumed in private. Most respondents (91.5%) knew deer consumption was illegal, but 69.4% viewed the law as ineffective. The study findings will be used to design focused regulation and awareness activities to reduce prey consumption in the area. The approach used to evaluate prey poaching through investigation of prey consumption follows studies of wild meat consumption in Africa, and can potentially be applied to all tiger landscapes. Figure 2 Source of prey meat supply and location of prey meat consumption for local households near the Sundarbans Reserved Forest of Bangladesh. Human consumption of tiger prey S. Mohsanin et al.

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure — Dutch Extradition Act 1967, Article 26(3) — Onus on person whose extradition is sought to claim that he can immediately demonstrate his innocence of offence — Whether contrary to presumption of innocence laid down in Article 6(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — The law of the NetherlandsThe individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(2) — Presumption of innocence — Extradition — Dutch Extradition Act 1967, Article 26(3) — Onus on person whose extradition is sought to claim that he can demonstrate immediately his innocence of offence — Whether contrary to presumption of innocence laid down in Article 6(2) of Convention — Whether Article 6(2) applicable to prosecution and trial but not to extradition proceedings — The law of the Netherlands