The inclusion evolutions after calcium treatment in Al-killed steel with different sulphur content were determined by chemical experiments and thermodynamics calculations. The results show that the inclusions are calcium aluminate with a little amount of calcium sulphide in low content sulphur steel after calcium treatment. As the sulphur content in steel increases, the typical inclusions generated in steel are layered or homogeneous irregular oxysulphides. A number of pure sulphides can be observed in higher content sulphur steel, and the morphology of sulphides with different CaS/MnS mass ratio has different shape. Thermodynamics calculations of Al-Ca-O-S-Mn system inclusions in steel at 1873 K and during solidification process were comprehensively conducted, considering all types of inclusions. The experimental results are in good agreement with thermodynamic calculations, which can predict the formation of the inclusions in Al-killed steel with different sulphur content.

Based on the thermodynamic assessment of inclusions evolution, the modification experiments of inclusions containing rare earths were carried out in the Si-Mo furnace from 1600°C to 1500°C. The pure Si and Si-Al alloy were chosen as deoxidants under low and high initial oxygen content, respectively. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were employed to analyse the morphology and chemical compositions of inclusions in the samples. The spherical liquid Ce-Si-Al-O (Ce 4 Si 5 Al 5 O 23.5 ) inclusions were observed in the steel, which was deoxidised by Si-Al alloy. The evolution mechanisms of inclusions were comprehensively discussed, and models for the formation of oxide inclusions were set up.

In current article, experiments with different calcium addition were carried out in an Al 2 O 3 crucible at 1873 K to investigate the variation of inclusion in Ti-bearing Al-kill Steel. It was found that calcium significantly influenced the morphology, composition distribution and size of oxide inclusions in Ti-bearing Al-kill Steel. Liquid oxide inclusions were modified promptly after calcium addition. Meanwhile, calcium could also modify solid titanium aluminate inclusions to spherical ones similarly, but there were a number of multilayer inclusions in molten steel at the initial stage. Different calcium treatment level should be adopted in different titanium content steel production process. As for the production practice, to achieve the full liquid inclusions in molten steel, the amount of calcium and titanium should be controlled simultaneously during the production process.

Using EEG we studied the time course of the alcohol-effect on the traffic signal recognition. Results demonstrated the enhanced delta power of EEG in alcoholics. At 30 min after the ingestion of a moderate dose of alcohol, the accurate recognition rate for the traffic signal by alcohol-dependent subjects was significantly worse than controls.

A water model of a typical 150t ladle was designed and constructed to determine the flow characteristics. A kind of organic emulsion was selected to model nonmetallic inclusion particles with the purpose of studying the inclusion removal effect under gas blowing in a teeming ladle. The presented modeling method for inclusion particles in the teeming process is different from those under steady condition. The numerical simulation was performed by using commercial software with the Eulerian‐Eulerian multiphase model applied to a model gas blown through a ladle. The numerical component of this study was conducted aiming at exploring the transient flow characteristics in teeming ladle corresponding to the physical experimental condition. Under the present conditions the authors came to the conclusion that soft gas blowing (2.7∼4.0 × 10−6 m3/s) was favourable to float inclusion particles into the slag layer. It is suggested to end the gas blowing when the drainage percentage reaches 50%.