Bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by linac accelerators are currently the most commonly used method of radiotherapy for tumour treatments. When the photon energy exceeds 10 MeV the patient receives an undesired dose due to photoneutron production in the accelerator head. In the last few decades, new sophisticated techniques such as multileaf collimators have been used for a better definition of the target volume. In this case it is crucial to evaluate the photoneutron dose produced after giant dipole resonance (GDR) excitation of the high Z materials (mainly tungsten and lead) constituting the collimator leaves in view of the optimization of the radiotherapy treatment. A Monte Carlo approach has been used to calculate the photoneutron dose arising from the GDR reaction during radiotherapy with energetic photon beams. The simulation has been performed using the code MCNP4B-GN which is based on MCNP4B, but includes a new routine GAMMAN to model photoneutron production. Results for the facility at IRCC (Istituto per la Ricerca e la Cura del Cancro) Candiolo (Turin), which is based on 18 MV x-rays from a Varian Clinac 2300 C/D, are presented for a variety of different collimator configurations.

A complete method is presented for the evaluation of photoneutron spectra produced in linear accelerators for cancer radiotherapy. It consists of a computer simulation code based on the MCNP4B Monte Carlo code, in which the new routine GAMMAN was implemented, allowing the accurate study of photoneutron production in high Z elements. In addition an experimental method based on a passive bubble spectrometer allows direct measurements of the photoneutron spectrum at the patient plane, also under the photon beam. The results are presented both for a 15 MeV linac with a traditional collimator system and for an 18 MeV linac equipped with a multileaf collimator, used in conformational radiotherapy.

In the above rapid communication, the name of one of the authors has been omitted. The author in question is K W Burn, who should have been the final author in the article, and who gave a strong contribution to the development of the Monte Carlo code and performed the Monte Carlo simulation of the Mevatron Siemens accelerator. The full list of authors and affiliations should read as follows.Carla Ongaro1, Alba Zanini2, U Nastasi3, José Ródenas4, Giuseppe Ottaviano1, Claudio Manfredotti1 and Ken William Burn51Dipartimento di Fisica Sperimentale, Università di Torino, Via P Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 2INFN-sezione di Torino, Via P Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy 3Ospedale S Giovanni AS, Via Cavour 30, 10133 Torino, Italy 4Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica y Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Apartado 22012, E-46071 Valencia, Spain 5ENEA ERG, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40129 Bologna, Italy

Photoneutron production on the nuclei of high-Z components of medical accelerator heads can lead to a significant secondary dose during a course of bremsstrahlung radiotherapy. However, a quantitative evaluation of secondary neutron dose requires improved data on the photoreaction yields. These have been measured as a function of photon energy, neutron energy and neutron angle for natW, using tagged photons at the MAX-Lab photonuclear facility in Sweden. This work presents neutron yields for natW(gamma, n) and compares these with the predictions of the Monte Carlo code MCNP-GN, developed specifically to simulate photoneutron production at medical accelerators.

Bremsstrahlung photon beams produced by LINAC accelerators are currently the most used radiotherapy method for tumour treatments. When the photon energy exceeds the (gamma,n) reaction threshold energy, the patient receives an undesired dose due to photoneutron production both in the accelerator head and in the human body. In this paper, a method is presented for the assessment of the photoneutron spectra produced by Giant Dipole Resonance (GDR) during cancer radiotherapy with energetic photon beams. Experimental and numerical results have been obtained for the facility at Onkologik Klinik, Lund (Sweden), which is based on an ELEKTA 18 MV LINAC. Neutron spectra are evaluated both at the patient plane and inside an anthropomorphic phantom.