Transmission of Star 16QAM with differential detection has been demonstrated over a time division multiplexing (TDM)-PON. The multilevel downstream channel is operating at 10 Gb/s, while an OOK signal at 2.5 Gb/s is used for the upstream. Results show very good receiver sensitivity, indicating the modulation format's suitability for next-generation TDM-PONs. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:45-47, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com.

Experimental and computed results show a multiband behaviour over five bands for the new fractal Sierpinski antenna. Such a behaviour is based on the self-similarity properties of the antenna's fractal shape, which might open an alternative way for designing new multiband and frequency independent antennas.Introduction: Most antenna designs are highly frequency dependent. The size of the antenna relative to the operating wavelength is the main bandwidth limiting factor. In the early 1960s, some selfscalable structures such as spirals, cones and log-periodic arrays were developed to design frequency independent antennas [2 ~ 51. The common factor is that the shape of all these structures remains invariable under some scaling transformations.

Abstract-A handset antenna technique combining a parallel excitation of a PIFA and a slot is presented. The number of frequency bands is given by the sum of bands given per each radiator which can be controlled independently. Component interaction (battery, display, and speaker) is analyzed to determine the best place to mitigate performance degradation. Finally, a concept featuring a small footprint (39 11 mm 2 ) and low profile (2 mm) is proposed for multiband operation.Index Terms-Component interaction, handset antennas, multiband, planar inverted F antenna (PIFA), slot, specific absorption rate (SAR).

The combination of fractal geometry with electromagnetic theory opens an interesting window for research to find new antenna designs and applications. Fractal technology applications can be divided into six main groups: (1) multifrequency antenna elements, frequency‐selective surfaces, and arrays; (2) electrically small antennas; (3) high‐directivity radiating elements; (4) low‐sidelobe arrays; (5) undersampled arrays; and (6) fast computational methods. This article reviews most of the work done in the fractal technology field covering the last six fields.

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