The Single Hybrid Riser (SHR) concept has been used successfully in industry onfloaters such as Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels indeepwater applications. This concept is especially effective with floaters inareas where challenging metocean environments result in severe vessel motions. The flexible jumper connecting the vessel to the rigid steel riser effectivelyisolates the dynamic vessel motions from the top-tensioned steel riser section. This results in lower strength and fatigue demand in the steel pipe section ascompared to other riser concepts such as a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR). However, the SHR concept also reaches the design limits of the flexible jumper aspressure, temperature, and sour service operating conditions become moresevere. ExxonMobil has demonstrated the feasibility of using a Steel Catenary Jumper(SCJ) as an alternative to the flexible jumper for extending the operationallimits of the SHR concept. This paper presents the results and designconsiderations for a SHR with a SCJ in 10,000 ft. Water Depth (WD) andpressures up to 10 ksi. The SHR/SCJ configuration was determined iteratively byassessing its strength performance in response to wave and current loading, vessel offset, internal content and pressure. Satisfactory strength and fatigueperformance is achieved under harsh North Atlantic and West Africa environmentswith a predominant fatigue condition. As is the case for SHRs with flexiblejumpers in similar conditions, vessel heading control is required to maintainacceptable response during extreme and long term environmental loading. Installation of the SHR/SCJ concept is determined to be within the presentmarket capability of heavy lift vessels, new generation J-lay vessels and FPSOpull-in facilities. A fabrication and installation procedure for the SHR/SCJconfiguration is presented. Introduction The SCJ was investigated as an alternative to the conventional flexible jumperfor connecting a SHR to a turret moored FPSO vessel. The primary advantage ofusing a SCJ is higher pressure and temperature service limits. Increasedresistance to sour service can also be achieved using Corrosion Resistant Alloy(CRA) lined pipe. The SHR/SCJ configuration was adapted from an existing 9-inID flexible jumper SHR conceptual design sized for a design pressure of 10 ksiand 10,000 ft. WD. Modest increases to the air (buoyancy) can depth, jumper length and distancebetween the FPSO turret and SHR base were made to the flexible jumper SHRconfiguration to arrive at the nominal SHR/SCJ configuration. The SCJ wasconnected to the FPSO vessel and SHR using typical flexible joints with taperedextensions. The SHR comprises a buoyancy can, rigid structural tether, TopRiser Assembly (TRA) with goose neck, dual thickness riser section with taperedsteel stress joints at each end, offtake spool assembly and roto-latchassembly. Strength analyses were performed to North Atlantic extreme storm conditions andfatigue analyses were performed to both North Atlantic and West Africa motionresponses. The harsher North Atlantic environment required an internal turretwhile the milder West Africa environment permitted an external turret. Production, water injection and gas injection riser applications were assessedfor feasibility. The SCJ and SHR were designed to standards API-RP-2RD [1], API-RP-1111[2], and DnV RP-F109 [3].

La actual emergencia sanitaria ha condicionado considerablemente el funcionamiento del sector hotelero del cantón Baños de Agua Santa-Ecuador. Esto ha generado en los hoteles formular nuevas o innovadoras estrategias publicitarias para atraer a los clientes. Por tal motivo, el fenómeno social y empresarial denominado Responsabilidad Social Corporativa se postula como una emergente e interesante estrategia publicitaria. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el nivel de influencia de la RSE como una estrategia publicitaria bajo el Modelo de Pirámide de Carroll. Se diseñó una investigación con paradigma positivista, tipo descriptivo y enfoque cuantitativo. Los participantes del estudio fueron personas que se hospedaron en algún hotel del cantón Baños, a quienes se les realizó una encuesta vía llamada telefónica. Se empleó el estadígrafo ji cuadrado para la comprobación de la hipótesis de investigación. Los hallazgos demuestran una aceptación hacia los productos y/o servicios que ofertan los hoteles en este contexto. Se concluye que las dimensiones del Modelo de Pirámide de Carroll de RSE permitieron definir un alto nivel de influencia como una estrategia publicitaria, mediante la realización de actividades comunitarias como optimización de recursos naturales, apoyo a grupos descuidados, entre otras.

The Coalinga field is one of the oldest oilfields in California and has been under production for over 100 years. The Temblor sands comprise the major reservoir in Coalinga at a depth of 500–2000 ft, with porosity of 33%, oil gravity of 12–14 API, and air permeability of 0.7–3 darcies. Each Temblor sand is at a different stage of drainage and thermal maturity. Steam production represents Coalinga Field's single largest operating expenditure and managing this expense is critical to Coalinga's success. Starting in 2002, ChevronTexaco has followed an aggressive plan in Coalinga to manage and optimize the field steam injection by using monitoring tools and also maintenance and growth heat calculation tools. Heat management is used to optimize thermal recovery economic performance in Coalinga. This paper documents how these tools are being used in Coalinga, and, more specifically, how steam Identification logs and temperature viewing tools are providing insight into how effectively the reservoir is being heated. Introduction The Coalinga oilfield is located on the West side of the San Joaquin Valley approximately 100 miles northwest of Bakersfield, California (Figure 1). The field was discovered in 1887 and is about 5 Miles wide and over 13 Miles long. Steamflood operation started in 1964 and is ongoing today. Production in the field is primarily heavy crude from the middle Miocene Temblor Formation (Figure 2). The geologic structure of the reservoir is a 14° eastward dipping homocline (Figures 3 and 4). An angular unconformity truncates the homocline forming a stratigraphic hydrocarbon trap. In the Coalinga area, lithology, sand body geometry, and trace fossils indicate that Temblor deposition is a marginal marine environment. The environment has been characterized by channelized sands and numerous flooding cycles. This has created a sequence of sands 10 to 35 ft thick, separated by shale and mudstone units of similar thickness. Low porosity zones composed of calcite-cemented fossil shell detritus further compartmentalize the reservoir sands. The thin sands and the resulting net to gross ratio of 0.5 to 0.7 contribute to high heat losses during steamflooding. Permeability is low in some areas of the field, creating injectivity problems. In other areas there are regions of high permeability which contribute to premature steam breakthrough1. Approximately 4500 wells have been drilled since 1887 and the last major steamflood expansion was implemented in 1998. Currently there are 696 active producers and 139 active injectors in West Coalinga. Development work is focused on expansion projects adjacent to the existing operations. What is heat Management? Heat Management is the process of identifying and applying the minimum heat to yield the maximum value production of heavy oil. When steam is injected at improper amounts, two outcomes are possible — either production does not increase as expected (too little steam) and money spent to make steam is lost, or money is wasted by excessive well work, produced steam handling and over-pressuring (too much steam). Identifying correct steam injection rates is critical in Coalinga in two ways - cost of steam is 60–70% of operating cost (fuel gas cost drives steam cost) and up to 80–90% of produced oil comes from thermal operations. The Coalinga project surveillance and heat management process consists of four key steps; data collection, evaluation, heat adjustment, and follow-up monitoring.