Infections caused by micro-organisms affect the health of people and animals, causing morbidity and mortality, with Asia and Africa as the epicenters. Some of the infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging in nature. Examples include viral hepatitis, Lassa fever, Ebola, yellow fever, tuberculosis, covid-19, measles, and malaria, among others. Antimicrobials have been playing an important role in the treatment of infections by these microbes. However, there has been a development of resistance to these antimicrobials as a result of many drivers. This write-up used secondary data to explore the management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) beyond the hospital antimicrobial resistance steward using the one health concept. The findings showed AMR to be a transboundary, multifaceted ecosystem problem affecting both the developed and developing countries. It is also one of the top ten global public health threats facing mankind. Globally, AMR will cost over US$100 trillion in output loss by 2050, about 700,000 deaths a year, and 4,150,000 deaths in Africa by 2050. About 2.4 million people could die in high-income countries between 2015 and 2050 without a sustained effort to contain AMR. The drivers of AMR are beyond the hospital and hospital AMR stewardship. Therefore, the need for one health concept to manage it.

Healthy environment is important for the well-being of mankind and environmental factors play a crucial role in the spread of diseases, especially in the 21st century. Environmental health officers are stakeholders in this regard and in the sustainable development goals. This paper discussed the interplay between the environment and health, the importance of environmental officers in Nigeria and factors that influence their activities. A narrative review was carried out using secondary data from various databases and organizational websites. In Nigeria, an environmental health officer must be registered with the Environmental Health Officers Registration Council of Nigeria (EHORECON) in line with Act 11, of 2002 and requires investigative, analytical, communicative and educational skills, among others to function effectively. They are important stakeholders in environmental issues with roles in sanitary inspection of premises, prevention and control of diseases, disasters, antimicrobial resistance, food hygiene and safety, ecological health, planetary health and environmental impact assessment, among others. The challenges they face during their work include lack of enabling laws to deter defaulters, shortage of manpower, poor knowledge and access to various standardized tools, among others. The role of environmental health officers cannot be over-emphasized, especially in this 21st century. However, these professionals need to think outside the ‘box’ to address arising challenges.