Non-availability and relatively high cost of obtaining the most effective commercially alcoholic fermentative Saccharomyces cereviciae strain is a major constrain in development and sustaining local industrial fermentation process. This study determined the alcoholic fermentative efficiency of Saccharomyces cereviciae strains isolated from palm wine in the production of burukutu. Palm wine was collected from Kachia, a sub-urban area of Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Isolation was carried out using Sabouroud dextrose agar. Identification and characterization of Saccharomyces cereviciae from palm wine was carried out by microscopy and conventional biochemical methods and Analytical Profile Index. Alcoholic fermentative efficiency of the yeasts isolates was determined through fermentation of sorghum for the production of Burukutu. Ethanol tolerance and some physiological test were conducted. Cultural and morphological characteristics revealed smooth, creamy and white colonies on SDA, while cellular morphology was round and budded in arrangement. Biochemical identification and API showed isolate that was Glucose, Galactose, Raffinose, Acetyl D glucosamine positive and Glycerol, Inositol, Sorbitol, Arabinose, D –xylose, Adonitol Xylitol, Celiobiose, 2 – Ketoglutanal, Lactose, Maltose, Tretialose, Melezitose negative. HyphoePsedudohyphae and the control carbohydrate utilized were negative. The ethanol tolerance characteristics of the yeast revealed that the isolate had 8% ethanol tolerant. The pH of the Burukutu produced with Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine ranged from 3.8 – 6.2, in a manner showing pH decrease from 6.2 to 3.8 Within 24 hours’ fermentation period. Volatile acidity was also observed to have reduced during the study period. The total viable yeast also increased gradually, thus showing its ability to to metabolize sugar in sorghum to produce alcohol in burukutu.

Infections caused by micro-organisms affect the health of people and animals, causing morbidity and mortality, with Asia and Africa as the epicenters. Some of the infectious diseases are emerging and re-emerging in nature. Examples include viral hepatitis, Lassa fever, Ebola, yellow fever, tuberculosis, covid-19, measles, and malaria, among others. Antimicrobials have been playing an important role in the treatment of infections by these microbes. However, there has been a development of resistance to these antimicrobials as a result of many drivers. This write-up used secondary data to explore the management of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) beyond the hospital antimicrobial resistance steward using the one health concept. The findings showed AMR to be a transboundary, multifaceted ecosystem problem affecting both the developed and developing countries. It is also one of the top ten global public health threats facing mankind. Globally, AMR will cost over US$100 trillion in output loss by 2050, about 700,000 deaths a year, and 4,150,000 deaths in Africa by 2050. About 2.4 million people could die in high-income countries between 2015 and 2050 without a sustained effort to contain AMR. The drivers of AMR are beyond the hospital and hospital AMR stewardship. Therefore, the need for one health concept to manage it.

This study was carried out to determine the correlation between patients with wounds and isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in clinics at Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. The Socio-demographic, medical and drug histories and characteristics of the wounds from each consented patient were taken using a questionnaire along with sixty samples of the patient’s wound swab samples. Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from the wound swab samples was carried out using standard phenotypic and genotypic procedures. Out of the 60 samples collected, 30 (50.0%) each were from general out-patient and inpatients. The higher percentage 12 (20.0%) and 39 (65.0%) were patients in the age group between 61 and above and male patients respectively. Regarding the patient’s occupations, the higher percentage 20 (33.3%) of the patients were businessmen and women. The patient’s wound location indicated that a higher percentage of 38 (63.3%) wounds were located on the leg. Also, only 13 (21.7%) patients had diabetes and 44 (73.3%) of the wound patients were receiving antimicrobials; the commonest being metronidazole 11 (18.33%), followed by mupirocin/Supirocin 9 (15.6%). A total of eleven isolates each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the sixty wound swab samples of the in-and out-patients. Association between antimicrobial agents use and the organisms showed significant difference (P < 0.05), while the association between sex, diabetes status, duration of the wound and the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from the wound of patients showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05).

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