At the age of 5 years, the prevalence of atopic manifestations was analysed in 58 formula-fed "at risk" infants because of a history of atopic disease in at least two first degree relatives. Infants were randomly assigned to receive either a partial whey-hydrolysate formula (n: 28) or a regular cow's milk formula (n: 30) during the first 6 months of life; thereafter, feeding was unrestricted. Only non-breastfed infants were included. The groups did not differ in risk factors or in known confounding factors possibly influencing the incidence of manifestations suggestive of atopic disease. At 6 months, the prevalence of cow's milk protein (CMP) sensitivity was significantly decreased in the hydrolysate group (7% versus 43%; P: 0.002). At the age of 12 (21% versus 53%; P: 0.029), 36 (25% versus 57%; P: 0.018) and 60 months (29% versus 60%; P: 0.016) there was still a significant difference in the number of atopic manifestations, if calculated cumulatively. There was no difference between the groups if only the new cases after the age of 6 months were considered. Eczema was less frequent in the whey-hydrolysate group, but only during the 1st year of life, suggesting a decreased prevalence of CMP sensitivity. During the first 6 months, diarrhoea of non-infectious origin occurred in 8/30 infants (27%) of the adapted formula group, and in no infant in the hydrolysate group. "Colic as single manifestation" was considered of "allergic" origin in 1/28 infants in the hydrolysate group, and in 4/30 infants in the adapted formula group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

In this systematic review, we explored the surface aspects of various titanium (Ti) or Ti alloy medical implants, examining the interface formed between implant and surrounding soft tissues (periosteum, muscles, tendons, fat, cicatrix, or dura mater). A comprehensive search undertaken in August 2018 used strict keywords in relevant electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials, non-randomized observational studies, and prospective or retrospective cohort studies of humans and animal models. Based on our inclusion criteria (restricted to in vivo studies), 17 of 406 publications qualified, all pertaining to animal models, none of the studies involved humans. The SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies was applied at study level. Given the broad nature of the reported results and the many different parameters measured, the articles under scrutiny were assigned to five research subgroups according to their surface modification types: mechanical surface modifications, oxidative processes (e.g. acid etching, anodization, micro-arc oxidation), sol-gel derived titania (TiO2) coatings, biofunctionalized surfaces and a subgroup for other modifications.The primary outcome being a liquid space at the interface (e.g. seroma formation) was reported in six studies. Machining Ti implants to a roughness between Ra = 0.5 -1.0 µm was shown to induce soft tissue adhesion. Smoother surfaces, with the exception of acid polished and anodized Ti (Ra = 0.2 µm), prevented soft tissue adhesion. A fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) apatite composite coating, achieved by a 48 h immersion of the Ti implants in a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution supplemented with FGF-2, promoted soft tissue attachment via Sharpey-like fibers. In theory, this implantsoft-tissue interface could be near to perfect.

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Additively manufactured subperiosteal jaw implants (AMSJI) are patient-specific, 3D-printed, titanium implants that provide an alternative solution for patients with severe maxillary bone atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bony remodeling of the maxillary crest and supporting bone using AMSJI. Fifteen patients with a Cawood–Howell Class V or greater degree of maxillary atrophy were evaluated using (cone beam) computed tomography scans at set intervals: one month (T1) and twelve months (T2) after definitive masticatory loading of bilateral AMSJI implants in the maxilla. The postoperative images were segmented and superimposed on the preoperative images. Fixed evaluation points were determined in advance, and surface comparison was carried out to calculate and visualize the effects of AMSJITM on the surrounding bone. A total mean negative bone remodeling of 0.26 mm (SD 0.65 mm) was seen over six reference points on the crest. Minor bone loss (mean 0.088 mm resorption, SD 0.29 mm) was seen at the supporting bone at the wings and basal frame. We conclude that reconstruction of the severely atrophic maxilla with the AMSJI results in minimal effect on supporting bone. Reduced stress shielding with a biomechanically tuned subperiosteal implant does not induce radiographically significant crestal bone atrophy.