We present partial-correlation analyses that examine the strengths of the relationships between l 2500 Å, l 2 keV , α OX , and redshift for optically-selected AGNs. We extend the work of Strateva et al. (2005), that analyzed optically-selected AGNs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), by including 52 moderate-luminosity, optically-selected AGNs from the COMBO-17 survey with corresponding deep (≈ 250 ks to 1 Ms) X-ray observations from the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South. The COMBO-17 survey extends ∼ 3 magnitudes deeper than the SDSS and probes the moderate-luminosity AGNs that numerically dominate the AGN population in the Universe. We also include recently published observations of 19 high-redshift, optically-selected AGNs, and 46 luminous, low-redshift AGNs from the Bright Quasar Survey. The full sample used in our analysis consists of 333 AGNs, extending out to z ∼ 6, with 293 (88%) having X-ray detections. The sample spans five decades in UV luminosity and four decades in X-ray luminosity. We confirm that α OX is strongly anti-correlated with l 2500 Å (13.6σ), the highest significance found for this relation to date, and find evidence suggesting that the slope of this relation may be dependent on l 2500 Å. We find that no significant correlation exists between α OX and redshift (1.3σ), and constrain the maximum evolution of AGN UV-to-X-ray flux ratios to be less than 30% (1σ) out to z = 5. Using our sample's high X-ray detection fraction, we also find a significant anti-correlation (3.0σ) between α OX and l 2 keV . We make comparisons to earlier studies on this topic and discuss implications for X-ray vs. optical luminosity functions.

We present new photometry of 16 local Seyferts including 6 Compton-thick sources in N-band filters around 12-μm, obtained with the VISIR instrument on the 8-m Very Large Telescope. The near-diffraction-limited imaging provides the least-contaminated core fluxes for these sources to date. Augmenting these with our previous observations and with published intrinsic X-ray fluxes, we form a total sample of 42 sources for which we find a strong mid-infrared:X-ray (12.3 μm:2-10 keV) luminosity correlation. Performing a physically-motivated subselection of sources in which the Seyfert torus is likely to be best-resolved results in the correlation L MIR ∝ L X 1.11±0.07 , with a reduction of the scatter in luminosities as compared to the full sample. Consideration of systematics suggests a range of 1.02-1.21 for the correlation slope. The mean 2-keV:12.3-μm spectral index (α IX ) is found to be −1.10 ± 0.01, largely independent of luminosity. Indirectly-computed 12-μm bolometric corrections range over ≈10-30 if a known luminosity trend of X-ray bolometric corrections is assumed. Comparison with ISO data spanning a wider luminosity range suggests that our correlation can be extended into the quasar regime. That unobscured, obscured, and Compton-thick sources all closely follow the same luminosity correlation has important implications for the structures of Seyfert cores. The typical resolution-limit of our imaging corresponds to ∼70 pc at a median z = 0.01, and we use the tightness of the correlation to place constraints on the dominance of any residual emission sources within these physical scales. An upper-limit for any contaminating star formation of ≈40% of the unresolved flux is inferred, on average. We suggest that uncontaminated mid-IR continuum imaging of AGN is an accurate proxy for their intrinsic power.

We make use of deep HST, VLT, Spitzer and Chandra data on the Chandra Deep Field South to constrain the number of Compton thick AGN in this field. We show that sources with high 24µm to optical flux ratios and red colors form a distinct source population, and that their infrared luminosity is dominated by AGN emission. Analysis of the X-ray properties of these extreme sources shows that most of them (80±15%) are indeed likely to be highly obscured, Compton thick AGNs. The number of infrared selected, Compton thick AGNs with 5.8µm luminosity higher than 10 44.2 erg s −1 turns out to be similar to that of X-ray selected, unobscured and moderately obscured AGNs with 2-10 keV luminosity higher than 10 43 erg s −1 in the redshift bin 1.2-2.6. This "factor of 2" source population is exactly what it is needed to solve the discrepancies between model predictions and X-ray AGN selection.

We study the incidence of nuclear obscuration on a complete sample of 1310 AGN selected on the basis of their rest-frame 2-10 keV X-ray flux from the XMM-COSMOS survey, in the redshift range 0.3 < z < 3.5. We classify the AGN as obscured or un-obscured on the basis of either the optical spectral properties and the overall SED or the shape of the X-ray spectrum. The two classifications agree in about 70% of the objects, and the remaining 30% can be further subdivided into two distinct classes: at low luminosities X-ray un-obscured AGN do not always show signs of broad lines or blue/UV continuum emission in their optical spectra, most likely due to galaxy dilution effects; at high luminosities broad line AGN may have absorbed X-ray spectra, which hints at an increased incidence of small-scale (subparsec) dust-free obscuration. We confirm that the fraction of obscured AGN is a decreasing function of the intrinsic X-ray luminosity, while the incidence of absorption shows significant evolution only for the most luminous AGN, which appear to be more commonly obscured at higher redshift. We find no significant difference between the mean stellar masses and star formation rates of obscured and un-obscured AGN hosts. We conclude that the physical state of the medium responsible for obscuration in AGN is complex, and mainly determined by the radiation environment (nuclear luminosity) in a small region enclosed within the gravitational sphere of influence of the central black hole, but is largely insensitive to the wider scale galactic conditions.

Using the wide multiband photometry available in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COS-MOS) field, we explore the host galaxy properties of a large sample of active galactic nuclei (AGNs; ∼1700 objects) with L bol ranging from 10 43 to 10 47 erg s −1 , obtained by combining X-ray and optical spectroscopic selections. Based on a careful study of their spectral energy distributions, which have been parametrized using a two-component (AGN+galaxy) model fit, we have derived dust-corrected rest-frame magnitudes, colours and stellar masses of the obscured and unobscured AGN hosts up to high redshift (z 3). Moreover, for the sample of obscured AGNs, we have also derived reliable star formation rates (SFRs). We find that AGN hosts span a large range of stellar masses and SFRs. No colour-bimodality is seen at any redshift in the AGN hosts, which are found to be mainly massive, red galaxies. Once we have accounted for the colour-mass degeneracy in well-defined mass-matched samples, we find a residual (marginal) enhancement of the incidence of AGNs in redder galaxies with lower specific SFRs. We argue that this result might emerge because of our ability to properly account for AGN light contamination and dust extinction, compared to surveys with a more limited multiwavelength coverage. However, because these colour shifts are relatively small, systematic effects could still be considered responsible for some of the observed trends. Interestingly, we find that the probability for a galaxy to host a black hole that is growing at any given 'specific accretion rate' (i.e. the ratio of X-ray luminosity to the host stellar mass) is almost independent of the host galaxy mass, while it decreases as a power law with L X /M * . By analysing the normalization of such a probability distribution, we show how the incidence of AGNs increases with redshift as rapidly as (1 + z) 4 , which closely resembles the overall evolution of the specific SFR of the entire galaxy population. We provide analytical A. Bongiorno et al. fitting formulae that describe the probability of a galaxy of any mass (above the completeness limit of the COSMOS) to host an AGN of any given specific accretion rate as a function of redshift. These can be useful tools for theoretical studies of the growing population of black holes within galaxy evolution models. Although AGN activity and star formation in galaxies do appear to have a common triggering mechanism, at least in a statistical sense, within the COSMOS sample, we do not find any conclusive evidence to suggest that AGNs have a powerful influence on the star-forming properties of their host galaxies.