This study was carried out to investigate the concentration and mental toughness of professional basketball players. A total of 290 professional basketball players aged 16-26 years who played in the Turkish Basketball First and Second Leagues participated in the study. The -Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ-14)‖ developed by Sheard et al. (2009) was used to determine mental toughness levels of the basketball players participating in the study, and the -Letter Cancellation Task‖ scale developed by Kumar and Telles (2009) was used to determine their concentration levels. Data were analyzed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, an independent samples t-test, and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA).Results show that the concentration ability of the basketball players did not significantly differ in terms of gender, age and sports age. There were statistically significant differences in overall mental toughness, confidence and control. The players' mental toughness and confidence scores differed significantly based on sports age. It is interesting to find that overall mental toughness was higher in the basketball players with a sports age of 1-5 years. According to their positions in the play, the players' concentration ability was found to be significantly different between guards and pivots in favor of the guards. The concentration ability of the players playing at the guard position was higher than that of the players playing at other positions. Overall mental toughness and its sub-dimensions had no significant differences according to the positions. However, it is striking that overall mental toughness scores and its sub-dimension scores were high in guards and pivots.

In this study, we aimed to examine the self-efficacy levels of soccer referees in the context of some demographic variables (gender, education level, age of starting refereeing, and ocupation). The study group consisted of a total of 154 soccer referees during the 2017-2018 football season of whom 33 (21.4%) were females and 121 (78.6%) were males from different regions and classifications ( X age = 26.87±1.966). The personal information form and the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) were used as data collection tools. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were used to identify self-efficacy levels and to identify demographic variables. In order to compare self-efficacy levels in respect to arithmetic means gender and age self efficacy scores, independent t-test was used and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare self-efficacy levels of education level and occupations. The Tukey's multiple comparison test was used to determine differences between groups. The results revealed that the referees' self-efficacy levels were high and there were significant differences in self-efficacy levels in terms of gender and educational status. Thus, it is recommended that higher education level be prioritized during the referee selection and promotion and that experience and physical competence be increased to elevate the self-efficacy levels of female referees.

The aim of this study is to examine the imagination levels of 8 to 16-year-old students who are engaged in tennis. The sample group of the study consisted of 151 primary school students between the ages of 8-16, who are enrolled in primary and secondary education institutions and are engaged in tennis sports in the province of Aydın in the 2016-2017 academic year. In order to determine the imagination level of the students, Sports Imagery Questionnaire for Children developed Hall et al. (1999) and adapted to the Turkish by Kafkas (2011) was administered. In the evaluation of the data, the normality test Kolmogorov Smirnov, Kruskal Wallis, Mann Whitney-U, and Chi-Square tests were applied to determine the differences of imagination levels based on various demographic parameters. The results revealed that the level of imagination did not differ significantly based on age or gender. However, mean value of the imagination scores for female students was higher than that for male students. There was a significant difference between the persistence of doing the sport and the level of imagination. Significant differences were detected in the imagery aspect, general cognitive dimension and the persistence of the sports. Similarly, significant differences were observed in the imagery aspect, specific cognitive dimension and the longevity of sporting. There were no significant differences between imagery aspect, special motivation, general motivation stimulation, general motivational superiority dimensions and sporting longevity.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde eğitim gören öğrencilerin bazı değişkenlere bağlı olarak mizah tarzları ve alt boyutlarındaki değişimlerin incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemini Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’nde 2020-2021 öğretim yılında öğrenim gören 62’si kadın, 87’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 149 katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin mizah tarzlarının belirlenmesinde Martin ve ark. (2003) tarafından geliştirilen Mizah Tarzları Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçek Yerlikaya (2003) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır. Katılımcılara, demografik bilgiler ve mizah tarzları ölçeği yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile uygulatılmıştır. Verilerinin normal dağılım gösterip göstermediği Kolmogorov Smirnov Testi ile sınanmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermediği anlaşıldığın nonparametrik testler uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulardan cinsiyet değişkenine göre kendini geliştirici mizah, saldırgan mizah, kendini yıkıcı mizah alt boyutları ve mizah tarzları ölçeği puanı açısından kadın ve erkek öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık görülmediği anlaşılmaktadır (p>0.05). Yaş grubu değişkenine göre kendini geliştirici mizah, saldırgan mizah ve kendini yıkıcı mizah alt boyutları açısından öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşmanın olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (p>0.05). Ancak katılımcı mizah alt boyutu ve mizah tarzları ölçeği toplam puanı açısından öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşmanın olduğu görülmektedir (p<0.05). Çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin okudukları bölüm değişkenine göre katılımcı mizah, kendini geliştirici mizah, saldırgan mizah, kendini yıkıcı mizah alt boyutları ve mizah tarzları ölçeği puanı açısından öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p>0.05). Katılımcıların milli sporcu olma durumuna göre katılımcı mizah, kendini geliştirici mizah, saldırgan mizah, kendini yıkıcı mizah alt boyutları ve mizah tarzları ölçeği puanı açısından öğrenciler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşmanın olmadığı görülmektedir (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenleri açısından mizah tarzları ve alt boyutları açısından öğrenciler arasında farklılık saptanmıştır. Bu farklılığın sebebinin kalıtımsal, çevresel faktörlerden kaynaklanabileceği öngörülmektedir.

The purpose of this study is to examine the burnout levels of basketball players in terms of gender, age and experience. A total of 270 (124 female and 146 male) basketball players (age mean x = 23.07 ± 1.28 years) participated in the study. Maslach's Burnout Inventory was developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted to Turkish by Ergin (1992) was used to measure the burnout levels of basketball players for collecting data.