Introduction This study evaluated the association between serum cystatin C and residual renal function (RRF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods The ability of cystatin C to predict RRF was assessed. Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to measure the impact of particular factors on serum cystatin C levels. Results The study included 141 PD patients. Serum creatinine and cystatin C were negatively correlated with RRF (p < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that serum creatinine and cystatin C could both predict RRF status (p < 0.05), but serum cystatin C had a larger area AUC than creatinine (0.893 vs. 0.757, respectively), p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that RRF Kt/V and Ccr were independent factors affecting serum cystatin C levels (p < 0.001). Conclusion Serum cystatin C levels were closely associated with RRF in PD patients and could reliably predict RRF status. Serum cystatin C levels were determined by RRF, not by PD.

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