The Delta and Omicron variants have the pooled estimates of serial interval as 3.4 days (95% CI: 3.0, 3.7) and 3.1 days (95% CI: 2.9, 3.2), respectively; incubation periods as 4.8 days (95% CI: 3.9, 5.6) and 3.6 days (95% CI: 2.3, 4.9), respectively.

Anthocyanins have been known for their health benefits. However, the in vivo digestion and absorption of anthocyanins through the gastrointestinal tract have not been fully clarified, creating challenges for understanding why anthocyanins have high biological activities and purported low bioavailability in vivo. Twenty-seven male rats were intubated with a 500 mg/kg dose of cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G). Samples from rats’ stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and serum were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 h after intubation. Three rats without C3G were used as the control with samples collected at 0 h. C3G and its metabolites in each sample were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-PDA-electrospray ionization-MS/MS. These in vivo studies’ results unequivocally demonstrated that cyanidin and phenolic acids were the primary C3G metabolites absorbed, mainly in the jejunum and ileum, between 1 and 5 h post-ingestion. We speculate that C3G uses phloroglucinaldehyde and protocatechuic acid metabolic pathways in its metabolism in vivo.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose substantial risks to public health, worsened by the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants which may have a higher transmissibility and reduce vaccine effectiveness. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on reproduction numbers of SARS-CoV-2 variants and provided pooled estimates for each variant.

A systematic review was conducted to investigate and understand the real-world effectiveness of smallpox vaccines against mpox during 2022 outbreaks. The effectiveness of MVA-BN was estimated to be 87% [95% confidence interval (CI): 84–90%] for one-dose and 89% (95% CI: 78–100%) for two-dose vaccination. The next-generation vaccines are recommended for future preparedness.