Advances in device development have enabled concurrent stimulation and recording at adjacent locations in the central nervous system. However, stimulation artifacts obscure the sensed underlying neural activity. Here, we developed a novel method, termed Period-based Artifact Reconstruction and Removal Method (PARRM), to remove stimulation artifacts from neural recordings by leveraging the exact period of stimulation to construct and subtract a high-fidelity template of the artifact. Benchtop saline experiments, computational simulations, five unique in vivo paradigms across animal and human studies, and an obscured movement biomarker were used for validation. Performance was found to exceed that of state-of-the-art filters in recovering complex signals without introducing contamination. PARRM has several advantages: it is 1) superior in signal recovery; 2) easily adaptable to several neurostimulation paradigms; and 3) low-complexity for future on-device implementation. Real-time artifact removal via PARRM will enable unbiased exploration and detection of neural biomarkers to enhance efficacy of closed-loop therapies.SummaryOnline, real-time artifact removal via PARRM will enable unbiased exploration of neural biomarkers previously obscured by stimulation artifact.

The effect of cell swelling on the efflux of amino acids from the in situ perfused lactating rat mammary gland has been examined. Cell swelling, induced by a hyposmotic shock, increased the fractional release of [3H]taurine. In contrast, a hyposmotic shock did not stimulate the efflux of D-[3H]aspartate, suggesting that the effect of a hyposmotic challenge on taurine release cannot be attributed to cell lysis. Volume-activated taurine efflux was reversible, dependent upon the extent of the osmotic challenge and inactivated with a prolonged hyposmotic shock. The release of taurine was also reversibly increased following isosmotic cell swelling (using urea). The results confirm the presence of a volume-sensitive taurine efflux transport system in lactating rat mammary tissue and suggest that the volume-activated amino acid efflux pathway is located at the blood-facing aspect of the mammary epithelium.

Following the publication of E. S. Calvert's Manœuvres to Ensure the Avoidance of Collision (Journal, 13, 127) a number of people closely concerned with the problem of collision at sea were invited to comment on Mr. Calvert's ideas. This comment was published in Vol. 13, Nos. 3 and 4 (pp. 350–352 and 455–464). Mr. Calvert here replies to some of the criticisms. The paper he refers to as his latest will be published in the October number of the Journal.to Captain H. D. HarriesWithout a more precise definition of ‘open sea’ and ‘crowded waters', I doubt if any figure for the proportion of collisions in each has much meaning. (The same kind of difficulty arises in defining a ‘near miss’.) More precise figures might possibly be obtained by giving the proportion of collisions which occur within so many miles of the mouth of a channel, a channel being defined as an area where local or ‘edge’ rules are in force, or where the traffic is controlled. However, I doubt whether the use which could be made of such statistics would justify the trouble of collecting them. In my latest paper, i.e. the one to be published in the next issue of the Journal, I have given what I believe to be the only possible solution to the crowded-water situation, in so far as rules can provide a solution.

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