Los patrones de movilidad de los cazadores recolectores altoandinos arcaicos (10.500-3.700 a.p.) del extremo norte de Chile han sido comúnmente definidos a partir de la caracterización y comparación del registro lítico y en menor medida, las pinturas rupestres presentes en aleros o abrigos rocosos. Los demás registros materiales han sido generalmente mencionados de forma ocasional y anecdótica. Trabajos efectuados desde 2006 en adelante, en las tierras altas de la región, han buscado abordar otras dinámicas sociales de estos cazadores recolectores más allá de su subsistencia para así discutir otras esferas de la movilidad de estos grupos. Esta investigación exploratoria se basa en la sistematización cronológica y contextual de objetos ornamentales y/o suntuarios arcaicos, de procedencia local o alóctona, de la precordillera del extremo norte de Chile (2.800-3.800 msm). La presencia de estos objetos, usualmente catalogados como "misceláneos", hallados en diez sitios con ocupaciones arcaicas, nos permiten discutir justamente la movilidad de los grupos altoandinos y su interacción con otros grupos especializados. Asimismo, permiten discutir su rol y relevancia en la conformación de variadas formas de interacción y diferenciación al interior de los grupos. Finalmente, se discute la configuración y mantenimiento de interacciones sociales materializadas por la circulación de objetos misceláneos, y el necesario flujo de información en las dinámicas sociales establecidas entre los períodos Arcaico y Formativo en la región de los Andes Centro-Sur.Palabras claves: objetos "misceláneos", tierras altas, norte de Chile, período Arcaico, movilidad, redes de interacción. The mobility patterns of Archaic hunter-gatherers (10,500-3,700 BP) from the highlands of northern
La diferencia existente entre la información económico-financiera que divulgan las empresas y las necesidades informativas de los usuarios, han sido motivo de preocupación e interés creciente en el ámbito académico. La mayoría de las investigaciones sostienen que dicha diferencia viene explicada en gran medida por los activos intangibles desarrollados internamente, entre ellos los gastos de I+D. Actualmente sigue teniendo gran interés pues los organismos emisores de normas internacionales se encuentran en un proceso de armonización, en aras de revestir de utilidad de los actuales sistemas contables. El presente trabajo de investigación trata de contrastar la relevancia y fiabilidad de la información sobre I+D, para ello, emplea, como función base, el modelo de Ohlson (1995). Los resultados rechazan la relevancia de los gastos de I+D corriente para valorar a las compañías cotizadasThis report identifies the production functions in informal microenterprises in the urban area of Osorno, Chile. The methodology consisted of designing an input-output matrix based on the history of the purchasing structure at informal enterprises in the city. The matrix was adjusted for the purposes of this research. It analyzes the productive structure and the value added components of the trade, services, and manufacturing industries. Although these are very different sectors, the findings demonstrate that there are no significant differences in the composition of the added value and that the loss of taxes, because of the informal condition of these companies, is not relevant to the surplus
Background Environmental monitoring of enterobacteria in hospital wastewater could be a useful tool to understand the composition of the microbiota in patients, their visits, and healthcare personnel, but it also may be useful for monitoring antimicrobial resistance among healthcare-associated infections in hospitalized patients. The aim of this study was to characterize and describe the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. strains from wastewater and from clinical isolates in a tertiary care children’s hospital in Lima, Perú. Methods We systematically collected 70 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp. from wastewater and 24 isolates of the same enterobacteria from blood and urine cultures at Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja (INSN-SB) in Lima from December 2018 to May 2019. Susceptibility profiles were evaluated following CLSI criteria. We used the Jarlier method for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). For detection of AmpC beta-lactamases, we used discs of cefoxitin, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone combined with cloxacillin and cefotaxime. For the detection of carbapenemase production, we used EDTA and phenylboronic acid inhibitors between meropenem and imipenem disks. We performed genomic sequencing for the detection of resistance genes and to perform a phylogenetic cluster analysis. Results We collected a total of 94 isolates (70 from wastewater and 24 from clinical samples). Among the total isolates, 19 (20.2%) were ESBL producers. The frequency of ESBL producers in wastewater was 7.1% (5/24), whereas the frequency of ESBL producers in clinical samples was 58.3% (14/70). The most frequent resistance genes were tet (variant 34 and A) and blaTEM-1. The frequency of tet(34) and tet(A) were 10% and 7%, respectively, in isolates from wastewater, whereas the frequency of these genes were 0% and 6%, respectively, in clinical isolates. The gene blaCTX-M-15 was present in isolates from wastewater (1%) and clinical samples (2%). Phylogenetic cluster analysis found no similarities between isolates from wastewater and to those from clinical samples, suggesting that the population of these enterobacteria were different in wastewater compared with clinical samples. Conclusions Enterobacteria from hospital wastewater may not reflect the profile of infections caused by these microorganisms. However, they may reflect the microbiological microbiota among patients, their visits, and hospital healthcare personnel. Further studies that compare the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among isolates from wastewater and the enteric microbiota from these individuals would be necessary to assess this hypothesis.
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