Muscle architecture parameters performed using ultrasound serve as an aid to monitor muscle changes derived from diseases, however there are no studies that determine the reliability and applicability of this evaluation in individuals with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Three raters captured three images of measurements of thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius and anterior quadriceps, RF muscle cross-sectional area, RF pennation angle in 17 individuals with DM2 above 50 and sedentary. Intra and inter-raters analysis showed reliability from high to very high for the three raters (ICC> 0.87), except for the RF pennation angle with moderate to low intra-raters (ICC = 0.58, 0.48, 0.51), and high inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.70). Ultrasound measurements of quadriceps muscles showed high to very high intra and inter-raters reliability, thus allowing its use to monitor muscle changes provoked by diabetes or interventions in individuals with DM2.

the aim of this study was to conduct a literature review of impacts of protein malnutrition and/or early food deprivation on the formation of the growth plate in young animals. A search was performed using the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and the Cochrane Library, without language restrictions or any limit as to year. Initially, 150 articles were identified, however, after application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria only five remained. In three studies the nutritional stress was due to protein malnutrition, another due to fasting and the fifth was due to food restriction. All the studies had some methodological omissions. The studies included in this review-demonstrated corroboration in the results obtained, regardless of whether the animals had been subjected to protein malnutrition, fasting or food restriction. The findings uncovered were reduction in height of the epiphyseal plate, in the number of proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes, in the bone growth rate and in the longitudinal length of the bone in animals subjected to nutritional stress. In this systematic review, it was possible to observe the susceptibility of the epiphyseal plate in the first place, and secondarily, of the long bones to the effects of nutritional stress by means of protein malnutrition or food deprivation applied in young animals.

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