In recent years, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods in schoolchildren has increased and this has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Objective: To calculate the size of the effect of a nutritional intervention on food consumption in basic education schoolchildren in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Materials and methods: Longitudinal study, with a sample of 309 schoolchildren from 12 public elementary schools; two groups were formed: intervention (IG) and control (CG) with a follow-up of one year. Measurements of weight, height and waist circumference were made. To evaluate the foods included in school lunch, a food registry was used before and after the intervention and they were characterized as recommended and not recommended. The effect size (ES) was calculated using the Hedges’g statistic. Results: At the end of the study in both groups, water consumption increased, however the ES was big in the IG (ES=0.84); while in the CG it was moderate (ES=0.50). In the IG, a small reduction in the consumption of processed meats was observed (p=0.004; ES=0.28), sweet cereals (p=0.001; ES=0.36) and sweetened nondairy beverages decreased (p=0.001; ES=0.49); while the CG showed a small increase in the consumption of fast food and Mexican appetizers (p=0.001; ES=0.46). Conclusions: In the IG showed a TE small decrease in consumption of processed meats, sweet cereals, and sweetened non-dairy beverages. It is necessary to design strategies that promote the consumption of recommended foods.
Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de una intervención en educación nutricional como estrategia para modificar la calidad de los refrigerios escolares de acuerdo con los estándares gubernamentales. Se evaluaron alumnos de 12 escuelas primarias públicas de nivel socioeconómico medio. Se formó un grupo intervención (GI) y un grupo control (GC), con seguimiento durante dos años. En ambos grupos se tomaron mediciones de peso, estatura y circunferencia de cintura. Se registró, durante cinco días consecutivos, los alimentos incluidos en la lonchera de los niños, previa firma de un consentimiento informado de los padres. Durante la intervención se realizaron pláticas sobre alimentación en el salón de clase para los escolares y a los padres de familia se les entregaron folletos sobre recomendaciones de un refrigerio adecuado. En el GC solo se entregaron folletos sin tener contacto con alumnos y padres de familia. Al final de la intervención, el GI disminuyó calorías ( p = 0.001), proteínas ( p = 0.01), carbohidratos ( p = 0.008) y azúcar ( p = 0.0001); mientras que en el GC disminuyó el contenido de carbohidratos y azúcar. Además, el GI aumentó el consumo de cereales integrales, verduras, frijoles y pan integral. En conclusión, la escuela es el lugar ideal para realizar intervenciones a largo plazo, sin embargo, es necesario promover la incorporación de profesionales de la salud (nutriólogos) con programas y actividades planeadas durante los seis años de primaria.
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