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The consolidation characteristics of natural soils vary widely depending on their stress history, void ratio, and structure. The standard method of measuring consolidation properties involves the incremental loading of specimens of soil, but other methods using controlled loading techniques have been useful in improving the understanding of soil compressibility. The various test methods and their influence on the evaluation of consolidation properties are reviewed in the paper. The interpretation of preconsolidation pressure for some soils is greatly influenced by the rate of loading. Total consolidation settlements can be estimated reasonably well from good oedometer tests, but predictions of the rate of settlement are usually quite unreliable in the primary consolidation stage. The ability to evaluate and interpret consolidation tests has been improved where the tests have been carried out in conjunction with field observations. More research of this kind is needed to improve the usefulness of consolidation theories and testing.

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The rate at which soil specimens are compressed in the standard consolidation test is farther from reality than the rate of strain in any other test. For a short period after the application of a load increment the rate of compression may be several million times faster than that experienced in the field. This paper describes a series of tests carried out at constant rates of compression varying from 0.16 to 8 per cent per hour in which pore pressures were measured. The effective stress-compression curves are compared with an average curve obtained by incremental loading. Based on these results, it is concluded that the compressibility of this soil is dependent on the average rate of compression and that the soil structure has a substantial time-dependent resistance to compression. This time-dependent resistance may be expected to have a significant influence on computed permeability coefficients and field rates of consolidation.