Uma forma de operacionalizar o conceito de sustentabilidade é por meio da utilização de indicadores, um instrumento que pode auxiliar os gestores públicos no processo decisório. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a proposição de indicadores de sustentabilidade para a gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) em São Carlos (SP), sob a perspectiva de cinco dimensões: ambiental, econômica, social, política e cultural. A estratégia adotada para a elaboração dos indicadores foi a identificação dos problemas prioritários para a gestão de RSU por meio de consultas aos gestores municipais. Isto resultou em um conjunto de 15 indicadores, cujos valores expressam sua tendência favorável, desfavorável ou muito desfavorável à sustentabilidade. Esta experiência mostrou que a implementação de um sistema de indicadores deve envolver a participação de diferentes agentes sociais, a fim de legitimar o uso efetivo desta importante ferramenta.

CASTRO, R. M. C., POLAZ, C. N. M., Small-sized fish: the largest and most threatened portion of the megadiverse neotropical freshwater fish fauna. Biota Neotropica. 20(1): e20180683. http://dx.doi. Abstract:We introduce the work providing a synthetic description of the diversity and phyletic structure of freshwater fish in the Neotropical Region, especially emphasizing that of Brazil. This is accompanied by a discussion about environments of fish from small to medium sized to large, taking into account how it shaped their respective biologies/ecologies, as well as what they imply for their use by humans. We present, as figures, the results of our exploratory analysis of Brazilian Red Book of Threatened Species of Fauna (2018), focusing on the small-sized ones, with up to 15 cm of standard length. We continue to present the main human impacts in small fish environments, along with those suffered by medium to large fish environments, and then follow by their respective deleterious effects. Finally, we present a general synthesis, reinforcing the enormous importance of small fish conservation and their respective preferred environments, followed by our main conclusions, and possible conservation strategies. Peixes de pequeno porte: a porção maior e mais ameaçada da fauna megadiversa de peixes de água doce neotropicaisResumo: Iniciamos o trabalho fornecendo uma descrição sintética da diversidade e estrutura filética dos peixes de água doce da Região Neotropical, com ênfase naquela do Brasil, acompanhada de uma exposição sobre onde vivem os peixes de pequeno porte e os de porte médio a grande, levando em conta como isso moldou suas respectivas biologias/ecologias, e o que as mesmas implicam para seu uso pelos seres humanos. São apresentados, sob a forma de figuras, os resultados de uma análise exploratória dos dados sobre as 311 espécies de peixes ósseos de água doce contidos no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção (2018), com ênfase naquelas de pequeno porte, com até 15 cm de comprimento padrão. Continuamos apresentando os principais impactos antrópicos nos ambientes de peixes de pequeno porte, juntamente com aqueles sofridos pelos ambientes de peixes de portes médio a grande, seguidos dos seus respectivos efeitos deletérios. Finalmente, concluímos com uma síntese geral, reforçando a enorme importância da conservação dos peixes de pequeno porte e seus ambientes preferenciais, e estratégias possíveis para conservação dos mesmos. Palavras-chave: Peixes pequenos, ictiofauna brasileira, peixes ameaçados, estratégias de conservação, políticas de biodiversidade.

This work was carried out from the assessment of the conservation status of the freshwater ichthyofauna from Bahia State. The inventory data and species distribution were obtained from the specialized scientific literature and representative ichthyological collections. A total of 281 native species was recorded in Bahia State, distributed in the Northeastern Mata Atlantica (NMA) and São Francisco (SFR) freshwater ecoregions. There was a larger number of species in the NMA (187 spp.), composed by several coastal basins, than in the SFR (134 spp.), composed by São Francisco river basin. Among the 30 families recorded, Characidae and Rivulidae were the most representative, with 53 and 48 species, respectively. The conservation status of 214 species was assessed and 33 of them (15%) were included in the IUCN threat categories. Of these, 11 species were classified as vulnerable (VU), 12 as endangered (EN), and 10 as critically endangered (CR). Most threatened species (n = 14) belongs to the family Rivulidae. The larger number of threatened species in the NMA: (n = 23) is mainly related to the high endemism of restricted-range species associated with the human occupation impacts along the coastal regions. In the SFR, most of threatened species are annual killifishes, which are locally disappearing due to increasing degradation of their temporary habitats.

The Pantanal Biosphere Reserve contains one of the highest concentration of animal species in the Neotropics, including about 300 fish species living in diverse environments associated with wetlands in the upper Paraguai River basin. This biome spans portions of Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay and includes the Parque Nacional do Pantanal Matogrossense (PNPM), a region of the Pantanal which has been assigned as high conservation priority in Brazil. This study reports the results of an ichthyological survey within the PNPM, where samples were taken at 12 sites during the dry season in 2001, 2010 and 2011. We record 182 species representing three classes, 10 orders and 41 fish families. We report the first occurrence of the genus Anchoviella (order Clupeiformes), in the La Plata basin. This survey will provide information for future studies concerning conservation and management plans for the PNPM as well as for the Pantanal, which is one of the largest permanent wetland areas in the world and among the most unique and important South American biomes.

# Estes autores contribuíram igualmente para a realização deste trabalhoAbstract. The Paraíba do Sul river basin is the second largest basin of Brazilian east spreading over the São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states, however the anthropic actions are contributing for the process of extinction of endemic species. Therefore, the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade with other institutions elaborated a National Action Plan (PAN) of Paraíba do Sul, which aimed to preserve these threatened species. In this review, we assembled the recent advances of studies of basic and applied biology of five threatened teleost fish. Beyond the biological data also gathered the main threats, conservation strategies and the possible presence of these species in conservation units. Then, the PAN has been achieving important outcomes showing that the maintenance of the study, especially on the knowledge of the target species is essential to successfully maintain these animals in the basin.