We investigated the general utility of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the implications of BIA theory in populations of various ages from infancy to adulthood by developing a single impedance equation. Four subject data sets representing 62 adults, 37 prepubertal children, 44 preschool children, and 32 premature low-birth-weight neonates were combined. Subjects were randomly divided into a development group (n = 116) and a cross-validation group (n = 59). The single best predictor of total body water (TBW) was height2/resistance (ht2/R), which explained 99% of the variation in TBW (SEE = 1.67 kg). The addition of weight reduced the SEE to 1.41 kg. A significant bias was only seen in the preschool children. These results were confirmed in the cross-validation group and the best prediction formula was TBW = 0.59 ht2/R + 0.065 wt + 0.04. We conclude that the impedance index (ht2/R) is a significant predictor of TBW and that there is some improvement in prediction of TBW by inclusion of a weight term.

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Green-yellow vegetables can provide adequate vitamin A nutrition in the diet of kindergarten children and protect them from becoming vitamin A deficient during seasons when the provitamin A food source is limited.