This review highlights the validated goniometer apps that physiatrists and other health care practitioners can use with confidence in research and clinical practice. We found 12 apps corresponding to these criteria, but there is a need for validation studies on available or new apps focused on goniometric measurement in dynamic conditions, eg, during gait or when performing therapeutic exercises.

Capacitive and resistive electric transfer (CRET), an endogenous diathermy treatment, has been demonstrated to reduce pain and improve quality of life in numerous orthopedic degenerative and inflammatory problems but not in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The aim of this prospective randomized controlled trial was to evaluate whether a 2-week program of CRET can reduce pain, stiffness and functional limitations in KOA compared with a sham treatment. Patients with KOA were randomly assigned to a study group (n = 31) or a control one (n = 22). The study group underwent six intermittent CRET applications, whereas the controls underwent a sham protocol without application of energy. The outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) (primary outcome) and the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and Medical Research Council Scale (secondary outcomes). All patients were evaluated before treatment (T0), at the end of treatment (T1), and at 1 (T2) and 3 months after treatment (T3). Results showed that CRET significantly improved strength, physical function and pain in patients with KOA. In the study group a reduction in WOMAC and VAS scores was observed at T1, T2, and T3 compared with T0. No significant changes of WOMAC and VAS scores were observed in the control group across all time points. Considering the small number of sessions, low cost and long-term benefits, CRET might be a useful therapeutic option for the conservative management of KOA to reduce pain, stiffness and functional limitation.

Walking on a split-belt treadmill (each of the two belts running at a different speed) has been proposed as an experimental paradigm to investigate the flexibility of the neural control of gait and as a form of therapeutic exercise. However, the scarcity of dynamic investigations challenges the validity of the available findings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the dynamic asymmetries of lower limbs of healthy adults during adaptation to gait on a split-belt treadmill. Ten healthy adults walked on a split-belt treadmill mounted on force sensors, with belts running either at the same speed (‘tied’ condition) or at different speeds (‘split’ condition, 0.4 vs. 0.8 or 0.8 vs. 1.2 m/s). The sagittal power and work provided by ankle, knee and hip joints, joint rotations, muscle lengthening, and surface electromyography were recorded simultaneously. Various tied/split walking sequences were requested. In the split condition a marked asymmetry between the parameters recorded from each of the two lower limbs, in particular from the ankle joint, was recorded. The work provided by the ankle (the main engine of body propulsion) was 4.8 and 2.2 times higher (in the 0.4 vs. 0.8, and 0.8 vs. 1.2 m/s conditions, respectively) compared with the slower side, and 1.2 and 1.1 times higher compared with the same speed in the tied condition. Compared with overground gait in hemiplegia, split gait entails an opposite spatial and dynamic asymmetry. The faster leg mimics the paretic limb temporally, but the unimpaired limb from the spatial and dynamic point of view. These differences challenge the proposed protocols of split gait as forms of therapeutic exercise.

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