Abstract:The application of gap dynamics theory appears to be a promising option for tropical forest management and conservation. In the present study of a tree species-rich and old-growth Ecuadorian Neotropical forest, we assessed the spatial distribution of gaps and gap size in relation to: i) tree number at the gap edge, ii) number of tree species at the gap edge, iii) number of tree species per stem at the gap edge, iv) species similarity, v) species evenness at the gap edge, vi) size differentiation at the gap edge, vii) gap isolation and viii) species mingling at the gap edge. Our results demonstrated that the spatial distribution of gaps was random. Various gap attributes were strongly associated with gap size. The number of tree species per stem at the gap edge was negatively correlated to the gap size. Gap sizes up to 50 m 2 were mostly sufficient to generate tree species-rich forest stands. Assuming that our results were representative for an old-growth neotropical rainforest in Ecuador, our study remarks the following management recommendations: 1) Rainforests have a very complex spatial and diversity structure and logging activities should preferably be omitted because of adverse effects. 2) If logging is inevitable, this should mimic a random choice of trees and tree species, to prevent special selection of tree dimension and species; and a random distribution of trees to be logged, to produce gaps smaller than 50 m 2 and never larger than 400 m 2 . Additionally, we suggest cutting not more than 5 % of the tree biomass per 10-20 years period, to preclude stronger alterations of ecosystem processes, and the reduction of existing dead wood from the ecosystem. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 149-163. Epub 2018 March 01.
La capacidad de degradación de los pastos de corte en la Costa, constituye una alternativa a la demanda de gramíneas para la alimentación de rumiantes. Se seleccionó cuatro especies de pasto Pennisetum (elefante, king grass morado, maralfalfa y Clon Cuba CT-115) a tres edades de corte (30, 45 y 60 días) y se evaluó la dinámica degradativa en 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 y 72 horas de incubación utilizando tres toros Brahman fistulados de 450 kg promedio. Se utilizó la técnica de las bolsas de nylon y se empleó un diseño de bloques al azar con un arreglo factorial 4x3 (especies forrajeras x edad de corte). Los datos fueron expuestos a un análisis de varianza con la prueba de Tukey (p<0.05) y con el programa estadístico (SAS, 2003). Se constató que el avance de la edad estuvo asociado con la disminución de la proteína, sus mejores proporciones fueron a los 30 días con 12.89%, seguido por 12.19, 11.53 y 9.77% para el maralfalfa, CT-115, king grass y elefante, respectivamente. La mayor tasa de degradación in situ fue p≤0.001 para el pasto maralfalfa a los 30 días de corte, obteniendo materia seca (88.85%), materia orgánica (89.53%) y biodisponibilidad de cenizas (85.24%) a las 72 horas de incubación. La liberación de estos componentes se vio influenciada con la madurez del forraje, por tanto, su alta degradación garantiza una cantidad de energía fermentable, disponible para el proceso de síntesis microbiana ruminal y es una buena alternativa de uso para los ganaderos.
Jatropha germplasm accessions need an assessment of their traits to evaluate the nature and magnitude of the genetic variability among accessions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phenotypic behavior of 130 Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) accessions and the genetic variability of selected Jatropha accessions. The selected variables were assessed between 2008-2014 based on the number of fruits per tree (FP), the number of seeds per fruit (SpF), weight of 100 dry seeds (100SW), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), smallest deviation standard as regular seed production (RP), highest deviation standard as irregular seed production (IP), seed oil content (Oil), seed production in g per tree (SP). Correspondence Analysis techniques were also applied in selected elite Jatropha accessions. The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient between seed length, seed width, 100-seed weight and oil content for selected Jatropha accessions were applied. Variance, genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability (broad-sense) and genetic advance were calculated for several Jatropha phenotypic characteristics. CP041, CP052, CP037, CP054, CP060, CP122, CP118, CP120, CP121 INIAP Jatropha accessions were selected basically for SP and FP. A high statistically significant correlation (genotypic and phenotypic) between seed length – seed width was obtained from the chosen Jatropha accessions. Genetic association in the characteristics of growth and production highlighted the low phenotypic diversity in the Jatropha Portoviejo Research Station (EEP) of the National Institute for Agricultural and Cattle Ranching Research (INIAP) germplasm bank. There is an urgent need to improve the germplasm resource by obtaining new accessions, mainly from countries considered as centers of origin of the species.
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