We failed to confirm the previously reported prevalence of FPs and PSWs in both the paraspinal and foot intrinsic musculature. Atypical appearing endplate spikes, however, display configurations similar to FPs and PSWs and were present in all subjects. Failure to pay close attention to the discharge rate and rhythm of endplate spikes can lead to misinterpreting these waveforms as FPs and PSWs. It is likely that the previously reported high prevalence of spontaneous activity in healthy persons resulted from not fully appreciating the similarity between innervated and denervated spontaneous single muscle fiber discharge configurations.
This study evaluated the protein requirement of Litopenaeus vannamei post-larvae during the initial rearing phase in a biofloc system. Five different diets were evaluated with increasing concentrations of crude protein: 31.28, 36.29, 41.57, 46.34, and 51.74 g 100 g-1 CP. Post-larvae (0.16 ± 0.01 g) were stocked at a density of 450 PL m-3 in 400 L tanks. Water quality parameters were maintained within the limits recommended for shrimp farming. After 38 days, a regression analysis revealed that levels of CP content (65.29 – 72.83%), EE (10.45 – 11.65%) and body N (10.45 – 11.64%) increased with increasing protein levels in the diet. A similar trend was observed in the biofloc sludge with respect to CP and N. Survival exceeded 80%, and the shrimp with diets containing 31.28 to 46.34g 100 g-1 CP presented an increase in final weight (1.52 – 2.61 g), productivity (0.69 – 1.10 Kg m-3), weight gain (1.38 – 2.44 g), and feeding efficiency (77.28 – 101.68%), whereas these indices decreased to51.74 g 100 g-1 CP. Crude protein content from 44.26 to 47.12 g 100 g-1 provided the best growth performance during the initial rearing phase of Pacific white shrimp in a biofloc system.
Um problema recorrente encontrado em alguns reservatórios de água calma da região Nordeste do Brasil é o processo de eutrofização, que corresponde ao aumento na concentração de nutrientes na água. Isso contribui no crescimento da biomassa fitoplanctônica, levando a redução na transparência da água, interferindo na estrutura física e química dos ecossistemas aquáticos que resultam em condições favoráveis para florações de cianobactérias. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o Índice do Estado Trófico (IET) e as concentrações de cianobactérias nos reservatórios Açude Pau dos Ferros, Açude de Lucrécia e Açude Rodeador, além disso, promover uma reflexão teórica sobre a questão ambiental ligada à esses recursos hídricos. As informações sobre o IET nos reservatórios fundamentaram em dados secundários, disponibilizados pelo Programa Água Azul, que realizou o monitoramento das águas superficiais da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Apodi-Mossoró, entre os anos de 2008 e 2016. Os dados do monitoramento demonstraram que o Açude Pau dos Ferros foi o que apresentou o maior IET, categorizado com média Hipereutrófico, enquanto os açudes Lucrécia e Roeador ficou com média Supereutrófico. Os dados sobre densidade de cianobactérias se mostraram quase em sua totalidade, acima das normas que preconizam os limites máximos permitidos, de acordo com Portaria 2914/2011 do Ministério da Saúde e da Resolução 257/2005 do CONAMA. A ocorrência desses componentes revelam o risco socioambiental, tendo em vista que esses açudes são usados para abastecimento humano. Em suma, a teoria social dispõem de conceitos que contribuem na reflexão teórica sobre a questão do meio ambiente dentro da perspectiva do desafio ambiental, no qual tem revelado que muitas problemáticas de ordem ecológica, como é o caso da eutrofização que tem ligação com as atividades humanas que estão pautadas na lógica da globalização da natureza, colocando em risco as espécies biológicas que estão diretamente dependentes desse recurso.
Spine finite element models are an essential tool to study the degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD). Due to the complex geometry of the vertebras, the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the tissues, and the contact and material nonlinearities [1], spine models demand high computational resources. Considering the relatively low stiffness of the IVD compared to that of the vertebrae, we hypothesized that finite element stress and stress distributions of the IVD do not change substantially if the vertebras are modeled as rigid bodies. This simplification in spine models may considerably reduce the solution time when the interest is the analysis of the IVD.
Carrying bags on the anterior part of the trunk generated higher lumbar forces compared to those developed by carrying the bag on the head or on the shoulder. Force levels suggest that this activity represents a moderate risk for the subjects. However, future biomechanical models should be developed to analyze the cumulative effect in the discs when longer periods of time are spent in this activity.
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