Nowadays, the packaging industry, like many other sectors, is coping with new demands resulting from fi nancial and environmental constraints. The importance of accurate laboratory simulation of transport vibration as a tool for packaging optimization is therefore increasing, as is highlighted by the International Safe Transit Association testing procedures (ISTA series). In this context, many studies can be found in the literature focusing on the special nature of transport vibrations, analysing the most suitable power spectral density profi les related to route and vehicle characteristics and the best statistical description for acceleration in order to achieve realistic simulation in the laboratory. Most of these works deal only with vertical vibrations because of the of the high energy content such vibrations represent, and only a limited number also analyse longitudinal and transversal acceleration spectra. This paper describes a non-comprehensive set of measurements in real transport situations with the purpose of providing an initial description of the six-degrees-of-freedom vibration produced inside a truck trailer. In addition, the importance of nonvertical random excitation is investigated in the laboratory by means of a multiaxis shaker table used to study the difference in the dynamic response of corrugated containers in stacked shipping units. The results show that the amount of energy neglected using only vertical testing procedures can be signifi cant, and that the packaging bending modes are not excited as they would be in a real transport situation. This demonstrates the necessity of multiaxis testing.

SUMMARYLaboratory simulation of transport vibration has been the object of many studies in recent years due to the fi nancial implications of potential customer claims in respect of damage caused during product distribution and the need for tools for packaging optimization. Most of these works concentrate on the special nature of transport vibrations and how to reproduce them: Power Spectral Density (PSD) profi les related to road and truck characteristics, the non-stationary aspects of the environment, the non-Gaussian characteristics of the recorded vibrations and the best procedures for meaningful laboratory testing.In the present work, a different point of view is applied to the issue. The paper deals with the dynamics of different corrugated stacked packaging units by means of operational modal analysis and a 6 degrees of freedom multi-axis shaker table.The results show the already known non-linear behaviour of the paperboard containers and the natural frequencies and modes likely to appear in the packaging. The relevance of bending-like modes in relation to laboratory testing is discussed.

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The presented paper introduces a new methodology of experimental testing procedures required by the complex systems of electric vehicles (EV). This methodology is based on real-time connection of test setups and platforms, which may be situated in different geographical locations, belong to various cyber-physical domains, and are united in a global X-in-the-loop (XIL) experimental environment. The proposed concept, called XILforEV, allows exploring interdependencies between various physical processes that can be identified or investigated in the process of EV development. The paper discusses the following relevant topics: global XILforEV architecture; realization of required high-confidence models using dynamic data driven application systems (DDDAS) and multi fidelity models (MFM) approaches; and formulation of case studies to illustrate XILforEV applications.

The present paper shows the capabilities of a distributed real-time co-simulation environment merging simulation models and testing facilities for developing and verifying electric vehicles. This environment has been developed in the framework of the XILforEV project and the presented case is focused on a ride control with a real suspension installed on a test bench in Spain, which uses real-time information from a complete vehicle model in Germany. Given the long distance between both sites, it has been necessary to develop a specific delay compensation algorithm. This algorithm is general enough to be used in other real-time co-simulation frameworks. In the present work, the system architecture including the communication compensation is described and successfully experimentally validated.