Determination of tribromophenol and pentachlorophenol and its metabolite pentachloroanisole in Asparagus officinalis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry* A GC-MS method was developed and optimized for simultaneous determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), and pentachloroanisole (PCA) residues in the edible part of Asparagus officinalis. For this purpose, two procedures were evaluated: the direct separation of PCP, TBP, and PCA and the separation of acetyl-PCP, acetyl-TBP, and non-acetylated PCA. Better sensitivity and quantitative results, especially for PCP, were obtained after acetylation. The residues of PCP and TBP were extracted as phenolates and acetylated in a carbonate solution. Acetylated compounds were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with hexane, while PCA was directly leached with this solvent. The proposed method allows the rapid quantification of traces of PCP, TBP, and PCA in a concentration ranging between 1.0 and 8.0 ng mL -1 in solution (corresponding to 0.3 and 8.0 lg kg -1 in asparagus). In this concentration range, typical recoveries for PCA, TBP, and PCP from asparagus samples were 59%, 86%, and 97% respectively (RSDs 3 -7%).
The gonadal maturation of the pleasure oyster Crassostrea corteziensis during four cultivation cycles (November 2004-June 2005, N4J5; August 2014-February 2016, A14F16; September 2015-December 2016, S15D16; September 2016-August 2017, S16A17) was studied in the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico. Although C. corteziensis exhibited the typical reproductive phases (undifferentiated or resting, initial gametogenesis, advanced gametogenesis, maturity, spawning and post-spawning), the intensity of reproduction and the timing of the onset of the different phases of gonadal development varied in each cultivation cycle. Reproductive peaks were observed in different months (N4J5 in May, A14F16 in July, S15D16 in May and S16A17 in June) during spring and summer. Spawning correlated with temperature in the N4J5 and A14F16 cultivation cycles but it showed no correlation with chlorophyll-a concentration in any of the cultivation cycles. C. corteziensis presented an opportunistic continuous reproductive strategy with spawning occurring during several months of the year. The modification of the species' reproduction pattern could contribute to the natural settlement of larvae, increasing the natural production of this native oyster resource in the southeast of the Gulf of California, where it has been fished intensively.
An ultrasonic bar-assisted extraction and CE separation procedure for the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) residues in sawdust was developed and applied. For this purpose, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) was used and compared with a GC/MS methodology. This methodology allowed the quantification of PCP and TBP in a concentration range of 2.5-12.0 mg/kg for TBP and 2.8-12.0 mg/kg for PCP. Different sample treatment processes were evaluated in order to extract these compounds from sawdust. Better results were obtained when the residues were extracted with ultrasound-assisted hexane, filtered, evaporated, dissolved in Na(2)CO(3), and injected into the CE equipment. The optimal option for GC/MS was extraction with Na(2)CO(3 )followed by a derivation using acetic anhydride and liquid-liquid extraction with hexane. This method allowed the quantification of TBP and PCP in sawdust in a concentration range of 0.19-12.00 mg/kg and 0.14-12.00 mg/kg, respectively. The CE method was compared with the GC/MS as reference method. The results were shown to be statistically similar by both methods for PCP as well as for TBP.
The blood cockle Larkinia grandis is a commercially important resource in the Gulf of California, but little information is available on this species. In this study, the interactions between body weight (BW) and shell length (SL), height (SH), and width (SW) were evaluated in a L. grandis population in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Eighty cockles were hand-picked monthly from August 2017 to July 2018 near and/or under mangrove trees on the southeastern coast of the Gulf of California. The range of shell measurements (SL = 142.00-44.57 mm, SH = 85.50-31.15 mm, SW = 76.56-32.03 mm) indicates that the sampled population was dominated by adult specimens. Only the coefficient of variation for BW exhibited high dispersion (23%-45%). The potential relationships between BW and SL, SH, and SW were non-linear. The strongest interaction was found between BW and SW (R 2 = 0.934), with the BW-SW relationship best describing the growth of this ark clam. All shell dimension-weight relationships were significant (P ≤ 0.05), indicating both negative (SL-SW and SH-SW) and positive (SL-SH, BW-SL, BW-SH, and BW-SW) allometric growth. The b values ranged from 0.8950, for the LogSH-LogSW relationship, to 2.6240, for the LogBW-LogSH interaction. This preliminary information is useful for developing conservation and sustainable exploitation strategies for this species, which is of economic importance to this region.
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