BY CARLOS PALOMBINI M. Pierret:-Can we go as far as saying that, if you wrote today either la Coquille a planetes or Orphee, then you'd show more care for the oeuvre, you'd no longer be the victim of your own experiments ... P. Schaeffer:-Certainly not! We always commit the same mistakes again, and je ne regrette rien'! I tell you: I prefer an experiment, even aborted, to a successful oeuvre. IN ANOTHER ARTICLE2, I have drawn a distinction between four phases of Pierre Schaeffer's work from 1948 to 1966: research into noises (1948-9), concrete music (1949-58), experimental music (1953-9) and musical research (1958-). In the present article I am examining the first stage in the transition from concrete music to musical research: the step whereby the Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrete rallied concrete music, electronic music, tape music and exotic music under the banner of experimental music. In 1951, Radiodiffusion-Television Frangaise offered the Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrete, which at the time consisted of Pierre Schaeffer, the sound engineer Jacques Poullin and the composer Pierre Henry, the first ever purposebuilt electroacoustic3 studio. The collaboration between Schaeffer and Poullin, then in its fourth year, had resulted in the creation of the keyboard phonogene, the slide phonogene (also known as chromatic and continuous phonogenes), a three-track tape recorder and the spatialization desk.4 The studio attracted diverse and important composers: between 1951 and 1953, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Pierre Boulez and Olivier Messiaen created concrete pieces there. In 1953 the Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrete de la Radiodiffusion-Television Fran;aise, presided over by Schaeffer, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music, which took place at UNESCO in Paris between 8 and 18 June. 'Vers une musique experimentale', a special issue of the Revue musicale edited by Schaeffer and devoted entirely to the event, was announced. The final proof, revised and approved by the authors and Albert Richard, editor of the periodical, was ready on 10 July 1953. Richard nevertheless decided to postpone its publication. Four years later, this issue was finally printed, with the addition of Richard's explanations and excuses ('Quatre ans apres.. .')5 and an introduction by Schaeffer, his 'Lettre a Albert Marc Pierret, Entretiens avec Pierre Schaeffer, Paris, 1969, p. 105. 2 Carlos Palombini, 'Pierre Schaeffer: from Research into Noises to Musical Research', Computer MusicJournal, xvii (1993). 3I am employing the term 'electroacoustic' in its wider sense; see Pierret, op. cit., p. 52. 4 For a description of the equipment available in the studio, see Peter Manning, 'Paris and Musique concrete', Electronic and Computer Music, Oxford, 1987, pp. 27-28. Manning refers to a five-track tape recorder: 'In addi tion to a set of conventionally equipped recorders, including one capable of registering five independent tracks of sound, three special versions were installed'. A three-track tape recorder instea...
Articular historicamente o passado não significa conhecê-lo "como ele de fato foi". Significa apropriar-se de uma reminiscência, tal como ela relampeia no momento de um perigo.(Walter Benjamin, Sobre o conceito da história, 1940). AberturaPara o poeta Olavo Bilac (1919), a música brasileira era a "flor amorosa de três raças tristes": a portuguesa, a africana e a ameríndia.1 Fiel ao patrono do serviço militar, a musicologia nacionalista pratica uma xenofobia seletiva: ela oferece à schottisch, à polca, à mazurca e à habanera o passe-livre que recusa ao soul, à disco, ao funk, ao hip-hop, à house e a outras manifestações afro-americanas.De acordo com a historiografia, o samba nasceu em casa com número, de rua com nome. Desse domicílio, até a planta-baixa é conhecida (Moura 1983:67).2 A sala de visitas, da largura do imóvel, se abre sobre a rua, no limite sul da praça. Transposta a sala de visitas, chega-se à de jantar pelo corredor à direita, ao longo de três quartos, à esquerda. Também a sala de jantar tem a largura do imóvel. Ela se comunica com o quintal através de um corredor espremido entre a cozinha e a despensa. Alguns degraus o separam do pátio. É necessário descê-los para chegar-se aos fundos, onde se encontra o quarto de santo. Excetuados a despensa e os quartos de dormir, cada um desses espaços gesta ou acolhe um gênero castiço: choro, partido alto, capoeira, candomblé. Da porta de entrada ao fundo do quintal, passamos da negritude misturada à negritude pura, cujo lugar, em relação à rua, é o mais afastado possível. Ora, o samba não é "uma espécie de bule, onde entram, separados, o café escuro e o leite claro, e de onde jorra, homogêneo e harmônico, o híbrido café com leite" (Bilac 1906b (Carmen Miranda, 1938) Na história do samba, a casa de Tia Ciata tem um Doppelgänger: 3 a Festa da Penha, na qual, em corpo a corpo com o público, a música era testada. Na expectativa do entusiasmo etílico, afluíam comerciantes portugueses, capoeiras, malandros, sambistas, barraqueiros e tias baianas para o amplo espaço aberto, sem biombos ou compartimentos, disciplinado pela polícia. O mito de fundação do funk carioca 4 parafraseia a casa de Tia Ciata, com os DJs Big Boy e Ademir Lemos a dividir entre si o papel de tia baiana. A hegemonia do asfalto, reiterada, desloca-se para Botafogo, 5 mas a figura da democracia racial sofre severo abalo: no Baile da Pesada havia soul e funk para o subúrbio dançar e rock progressivo para a Zona Sul viajar.6 Organizador do mais politizado dos bailes dos anos 1970, Dom Filó contesta: "O primeiro baile foi na Zona Norte!" (Oliveira Filho & Cardoso 2010).A música funk carioca pode ter surgido em clubes na passagem dos anos 1980 para os anos 1990, quando as melôs 7 cedem lugar aos raps, mas é na década seguinte que ela adquire suas feições atuais: o tamborzão 8 substitui as bases 9 de hip-hop, electrofunk, electro e Miami bass; a putaria 10 e o proibidão 11 substituem os raps pede-a-paz; 12 pressionados por políticas ditas de segurança pública, os bailes trocam o asfalto pelo morro. Se ...
The Brazilian Group for Computer Music Research (NUCOM) has become renowned for its annual Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music. The author recounts the group's proto-history-the period of the 1970s and 1980s-with particular reference to the early works of Aluizio Arcela and Eduardo Miranda. The author continues his discussion to focus on NUCOM, which began to take shape in 1993 when Miranda and Geber Ramalho (one of Arcela's students) met in Paris and decided to launch a discussion list on the Web. The following year, Maurício Loureiro chaired the First Brazilian Symposium on Computer Music, affiliating NUCOM to the Brazilian Computer Society (SBC).
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