This study analyzes the relationship between the mycobiome of the Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT) and the fungi in the domestic environment. Samples studied consisted of Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) from 45 patients who underwent bronchoscopy for different diagnostic purposes, and dust and air from the houses (ENV) of 20 of them (44.4%). Additionally, five bronchoscopes (BS) were also analyzed and negative controls were included for every procedure. All samples were processed for DNA extraction and cultures, which were performed in Sabouraud Dextrose and Potato Dextrose Agar. The fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS2) was sequenced by the Solexa/Illumina system and sequences were analyzed by QIIME 1.8.0 and compared with the UNITE Database for identification. The similarity between the two fungal communities (BAL and ENV) for a specific patient was assessed via the percentage of coincidence in the detection of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and about 75% of co-occurrence was detected between the mycobiome of the LRT and the houses. Cultures confirmed the presence of the core mycobiome species. However, the low rate of isolation from BAL suggests that most of its mycobiome corresponds to non-culturable cells. This likely depends on the patient’s immune system activity and inflammatory status.
A biocatalytic approach has been designed for the synthesis of optically active piperazinones and 1,4‐diazepanones in aqueous medium under mild conditions. The method described herein is based on a biocatalytic transamination of an easily accessible N‐(2‐oxopropyl) amino acid ester and the subsequent spontaneous cyclization of the initially formed amine. Both enantiomers of the synthesized piperazinones can be prepared by the selection of amine transaminases of opposite selectivity. The reaction conditions were optimised and eight selected processes were performed on a preparative scale. Thus, seven optically active piperazinones were synthesized in high isolated yields (70–90%) and a 1,4‐diazepanone in a moderate yield (51%), being the ee ≥99% in all the cases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.