Switching costs and customer satisfaction may differently affect marketing strategy. Managers would benefit from knowing how different switching costs (financial, procedural, and relational) and satisfaction jointly affect repurchase in order to properly invest marketing resources. A metaanalysis of 233 effects from over 133,000 customers shows: (1) relational switching costs have the strongest association with repurchase intentions and behavior; and (2) procedural and relational switching costs mitigate the association between satisfaction and repurchase intentions/behavior whereas financial switching costs enhance it.We: (1) examined scientific databases (e.g. ProQuest) and manually searched major marketing journals using the search terms "switching costs," "switching barriers," and "customer/consumer satisfaction;" (2) examined the references of the articles collected to find additional articles; and (3) contacted authors to obtain unpublished studies and missing information from articles we already collected. We included studies reporting correlations or the standardized regression coefficients to maximize the number of effect sizes included (Peterson and Brown 2005).Two independent coders extracted data and coded each study for variables such as effect size, sample size, and statistical artifacts. To account for study-design artifacts, they coded information to correct for sampling error, measurement error, dichotomization, and range restriction . The final dataset is based on 153 empirical articles, containing 178 independent samples and 133,734 subjects. In total, we analyzed 233 effect sizes. Meta-Analysis: Three-Step ApproachStep 1 (Integrate effect sizes/pairwise analysis). We first corrected the collected effect sizes for the artifacts mentioned previously, and then calculated the simple average (corrected) correlation. Finally, we adjusted for sampling error and measurement error, resulting in sampleweighted reliability adjusted correlations. Table 1 displays the 95% confidence interval of the sample-weighted, reliability-adjusted correlations, an assessment of publication-bias (fail-safe N), and power calculations. Recognizing the limitations of fail-safe N, we also created funnel plots to assess publication bias. Reassuringly, results are statistically significant with no evidence of publication bias.

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Value-appropriation activities enable a firm to extract more profits from existing customers. The authors examine how investments in two types of value-appropriation activities—advertising and receivables—are jointly associated with abnormal stock returns and idiosyncratic risk. Using data from 1,375 firms over the period of 2003–2015, the authors find that advertising investments and receivables investments interact as substitutes, such that increasing advertising (receivables) investments is detrimental to the beneficial effect of receivables (advertising) investments on firm shareholder value. They find that this association is contingent on firm business scope, such that the joint effect of advertising investments and receivables investments becomes weaker when firms have a broader business scope compared with a narrower business scope.

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Empirical studies in marketing conceptualize commitment as a three-component construct comprised of affective, normative, and calculative commitment. We develop and empirically test a five-component typology of consumer commitment-affective, normative, economic, forced, and habitual commitment. The broadened conceptualization of commitment is tested using qualitative and quantitative studies with data from 9,000 consumers and 10 countries. The broadened five-component commitment model demonstrates high levels of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and stability, as well as unique associations with repurchase intentions. Managerially, it provides a roadmap for optimizing commitment: while forced commitment should be minimized, economic and habitual commitment should be enhanced. These prescriptions vary for goods and services. Namely, affective, normative, and habitual commitment exhibit stronger positive effects on repurchase intentions for goods than for services; the opposite pattern is found for economic commitment. By showing how managers should optimize specific commitment dimensions rather than simply maximize overall commitment, while accounting for contextual factors such as differences between goods and services, our results provide an actionable strategic blueprint for firms' customer commitment strategy.Chief executives and marketing officers today understand the importance of improved repurchase intentions due to their financial implications (Mittal and Frennea 2010). One important driver of repurchase intentions is customer commitment (Moorman, Zaltman, and Deshpande 1992), which can also insulate firms from the deleterious impact of negative events like product failures and corporate scandals (Mittal, Sambandam, and Dholakia 2010).Early marketing studies treated commitment as a unidimensional construct (e.g., Garbarino and Johnson 1999;Moorman et al. 1992), while later studies conceptualized a three-component model of commitment, namely, affective commitment, calculative commitment, and normative commitment (see Table 1 for summary). However, as described subsequently, the threecomponent model of commitment may be inadequate for marketing and services contexts because it was primarily developed for organizational psychology (Allen and Meyer 1990). We propose and test a five-component model consisting of affective commitment, normative commitment, economic commitment, forced commitment, and habitual commitment based on an analysis of the literature and in-depth consumer interviews (Study 1, N ¼ 15). We empirically test our model in two, largescale studies: Study 2 is set in the United States (N ¼ 3,019; seven industries), while Study 3 spans nine countries (N ¼ 8,322; three industries).Theoretically and managerially, our research provides several insights. First, we expand the three-component model in two important ways. We disentangle and supplant calculative commitment with two independent dimensions-economic (based on high financial or economic sacrifice) and forced (based on a perc...