"The Black Sea region features high complexity and other factors, such as the lack of a regional security architecture, which, in the current security context, result in a high effectiveness for hybrid warfare approaches. This has been proven by the track record of hybrid and unconventional warfare operations in the region, targeting also civilian infrastructure. The article proposes a Critical Infrastructure perspective on Black Sea insecurity, highlighting the potentiality for hybrid warfare but also measures which can increase resilience to hybrid threats on the basis of the Critical Infrastructure Protection framework. Lastly, the article highlights contributions which Romania can make on the basis of its experience and success in implementing CIP."

Cyber diplomacy is an emerging field of study and practice focusing on transborder coordination between sovereign actors in order to address issues of collective importance related to the digitalization of society, emerging technologies, the threat environment, and other consequences emerging from these developments. This article analyzes cyber diplomacy from the perspective of Complex System Governance theory, which is a framework of thought focusing on the viability of systems-of-systems. Cyber diplomacy can be integrated into such a systemic perspective through its role in communication and coordination among integrated actors. This analysis paves the way for future research into cyber diplomacy, including through modelling and simulation.

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Globally, there is a continuous increase in the number of cyberattacks by independent hackers and non-state actors. The European Union and the United States of America have recognized the importance of cyber security and cyber diplomacy for government institutions, companies and individuals. Coherence and synchronization between global cyber initiatives are needed to effectively increase cyber resilience and deter cyberattacks. The current paper conducts a comparative analysis of cyber diplomacy in the EU and the US with the aim of highlighting the best policies, diplomatic measures, frameworks and practices for increasing cyber resilience. It also identifies the institutions responsible in the EU vs. the US, compares the EU Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox and the US Cyber Diplomacy Act and identifies and compares preventive measures, cooperative measures, stability measures, restrictive measures and supportive measures. The aim is to outline the most fruitful and effective measures and to support homogenization at a global level.

"The Black Sea region features high complexity and other factors, such as the lack of a regional security architecture, which, in the current security context, result in a high effectiveness for hybrid warfare approaches. This has been proven by the track record of hybrid and unconventional warfare operations in the region, targeting also civilian infrastructure. The article proposes a Critical Infrastructure perspective on Black Sea insecurity, highlighting the potentiality for hybrid warfare but also measures which can increase resilience to hybrid threats on the basis of the Critical Infrastructure Protection framework. Lastly, the article highlights contributions which Romania can make on the basis of its experience and success in implementing CIP."