The main social media platforms have been implementing strategies to minimize fake news dissemination. These include identifying, labeling, and penalizing –via news feed ranking algorithms– fake publications. Part of the rationale behind this approach is that the negative effects of fake content arise only when social media users are deceived. Once debunked, fake posts and news stories should therefore become harmless. Unfortunately, the literature shows that the effects of misinformation are more complex and tend to persist and even backfire after correction. Furthermore, we still do not know much about how social media users evaluate content that has been fact-checked and flagged as false. More worryingly, previous findings suggest that some people may intentionally share made up news on social media, although their motivations are not fully explained. To better understand users’ interaction with social media content identified or recognized as false, we analyze qualitative and quantitative data from five focus groups and a sub-national online survey (N = 350). Findings suggest that the label of ‘false news’ plays a role –although not necessarily central– in social media users’ evaluation of the content and their decision (not) to share it. Some participants showed distrust in fact-checkers and lack of knowledge about the fact-checking process. We also found that fake news sharing is a two-dimensional phenomenon that includes intentional and unintentional behaviors. We discuss some of the reasons why some of social media users may choose to distribute fake news content intentionally.

Analizamos la representación de mujeres y hombres en la prensa diaria generalista española de mayor difusión. Metodología: Utilizando la técnica de muestreo de semana construida se realizó un análisis cuantitativo del contenido no publicitario de 28 ejemplares de dos de los periódicos de españoles de mayor tirada, El País y El Mundo. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados muestran gran desigualdad en la representación de mujeres y hombres en ambos periódicos. Las mujeres están infrarrepresentadas, tanto como participantes como protagonistas de los textos e imágenes publicados, y la representación que se hace de mujeres y hombres es según los estereotipos de género que atribuyen el poder y la autoridad a los hombres. Aunque es muy poco frecuente que las mujeres aparezcan como deportistas, aparecen representadas como víctimas con mayor frecuencia que los hombres. También es menos frecuente que las mujeres aparezcan como fuentes y como firmantes de textos y fotografías. [EN] Introduction: This article examines the portrayal of women and men in Spain's most-read national general-information daily press. Methods: The study is based on the quantitative content analysis of the non-advertising content of 28 issues of two of the most-read national newspapers in Spain, El País and El Mundo, selected through the constructed week sampling method. Results and conclusions: The results show great inequality in the representation of women and men in both newspapers. Women are under-represented, both as participants and as protagonists of the published texts and images, while the depiction of women and men is informed by gender stereotypes that attribute power and authority to men. Women are rarely represented as athletes, and are represented as victims more frequently than men. In addition, women appear less frequently than men in the press as information sources or authors of texts and photographs.

ResumenEn este trabajo abordamos la evolución de la formación de periodistas que encontramos en España a lo largo del siglo XX, en el que se han desarrollado cuatro modelos diferentes. Estos modelos alcanzan pleno desarrollo en determinados momentos temporales y tres de ellos han evolucionado hasta la época actual. Destacamos que el modelo universitario institucional se encuentra ante importantes transformaciones debido a los cambios que supone la convergencia europea; analizamos varios elementos de esa transformación y exponemos fortalezas y debilidades de este modelo ante la presencia de otros sistemas formativos que coexisten con el institucional. Palabras clave: Formación de periodistas, modelos formativos, estudios de periodismo, proceso de Bolonia, EEES.Transformations in the models of journalists formation in Spain AbstractWe study the evolution of journalism training models found in Spain during the twentieth century, in wich we find four different models. These models have reached full development at certain time points and three of them have evolved until now. We emphasize how the specific higher education model is now immersed in a transformation process due to the changes that the European convergence implies; we analyze diverse elements of this transformation and we expose some strengths and weaknesses of this model, in the face of other training models which coexist with the institutional. Keywords: Teaching journalism, training models, journalism studies, Bologna Process, EHEA. Referencia normalizada

The media participates in the creation and reinforcement of mental models, through which people interpret social realities, especially those that are distant and unknown. News making involves the use of certain frames that highlight some aspects of the information and downplay or silence other elements. In this context, the objective of this article is to analyse how China is portrayed on the Spanish news, and identify the organising ideas and value judgments that are used in the frames used in this process. Based on the application of the content analysis technique, the results show that the portrayal of China, its institutions and citizens, on television is carried out through four main frames: “Capacity, potential, development;” “Gloom, shadow and darkness;” “Dangerous environment” and “Exotic organisation.” From the Western perspective, Chinese economic growth is accepted, but at the same time China is presented as a problematic country in which natural disasters, accidents, and criminal acts abound, highlighting its systemic political deficiencies and systemic deficiencies. This mostly negative image of China does not correspond with its current and historical relationship with Spain, nor with the relevant position that this emerging power has reached on a global scale.

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