Purpose The paper investigates an unusual form of social enterprising located in a poor region of Pakistan. The purpose of this paper is to examine a novel form of micro social enterprise. Their form and functions are considered, examining how they conform to what is expected of a social enterprise. The extreme cases are analysed to reflect on what constitutes the explanatory characteristics of a social enterprise. Design/methodology/approach Information on examples of micro social entrepreneurship was collected from the troubled context of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a very poor region of Pakistan. Using the constant comparison method, explanatory themes of structure and practice are drawn out. Findings These enterprising social agents were engaged in opening up an opportunity space for those disadvantaged by the context. Driven by a strong sense of community responsibility, they drew upon limited, but culturally available resources. Relevance, embeddedness and informality were identified as structural characteristics, and bricolage and effectuation, frugality and social responsibility emerged as practices. Not only did context shape what they did and how they did it, but the purpose of these enterprises was also to help reshape context. From this analysis, it is argued that conceptual concerns should be directed towards behaviours; it should be asked how are enterprises agents of social change, and how are they enterprising? Research limitations/implications It is argued that a robust indicator for social enterprise is not what they are, but what they do. Consequently, for understanding and theorising, it is suggested that the focus remain on enterprising. This study was limited to unusual cases which may be atypical and ungeneralisable. Nonetheless, the concept – enterprising – may have theoretical applications. Social implications In reviewing the analysis and findings, it is noted that the proposals in the paper may comprise the early stages of a theory of social entrepreneurship practice. There may be considerable explanatory power in examining the interplays between the agency of social enterprises and the structures that are constituted in the formal and informal institutions with whom they interact. Originality/value Descriptively, the account draws attention to a possibly neglected phenomenon. Moreover, the extreme cases draw out the significance of a localised practice. Conceptually, there may be value in prioritising practice in social enterprise rather than form and structure.

Despite an increasing interest in minority entrepreneurship in recent years, the issue of ‘underclass entrepreneurship’ and its linkages to ‘enterprise culture’ remain underresearched. In this article, the authors examine ‘chavs’ as an indigenous British underclass. Using data gathered from an Internet search and newspaper cuttings, they examine how this silent ‘stereotyped’ and socially constructed minority is presented as dangerous and unemployable. In the process, they uncover hidden links between the underclass and enterprise culture, and analyse how entrepreneurship can help such minorities to achieve inclusivity via consideration of role theory and the power of narrative in initiating social transformation. This framework helps us to understand how it is possible to direct young, disadvantaged individuals towards an entrepreneurial career path via self-employment. The paper raises intriguing issues relating to youth employment and tells the story of how contemporary enterprise culture is failing one of Britain's silent minorities.

We examine how musicians become entrepreneurs, illustrating how this dramatic shift from the aesthetic to the commercial offered a useful platform for understanding entrepreneurship. Analysing our data of 20 life story narratives, we found chronological patterns of socialised learning through and by experience and began to recognise how experience was acquired and deployed. Employing an entrepreneurship as practice theoretical framework, we saw an unexpected dimension, that our respondents not only used experience for “knowing” but that they performed that knowledge. Remarkably, performing was not simply enacting, but was a learning experience. This led us to propose a constructive circuit of learning by doing. The concept of performing provides an explanation that bridges conceptual gaps between experience and learning, strengthening our knowledge of entrepreneurship as socially situated by demonstrating that it is also socially learned. Although novel, it builds on and connects to much of what we already know.