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e98Purpose-The aim of this guideline is to provide a synopsis of best clinical practices in the rehabilitative care of adults recovering from stroke. Methods-Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of their previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association (AHA) Stroke Council's Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the AHA's Manuscript Oversight Committee. The panel reviewed relevant articles on adults using computerized searches of the medical literature through 2014. The evidence is organized within the context of the AHA framework and is classified according to the joint AHA/American College of Cardiology and supplementary AHA methods of classifying the level of certainty and the class and level of evidence. The document underwent extensive AHA internal and external peer review, Stroke Council Leadership review, and Scientific Statements Oversight Committee review before consideration and approval by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Results-Stroke rehabilitation requires a sustained and coordinated effort from a large team, including the patient and his or her goals, family and friends, other caregivers (eg, personal care attendants), physicians, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, recreation therapists, psychologists, nutritionists, social workers, and others. Communication and coordination among these team members are paramount in maximizing the effectiveness

Relative frequency of knowledge of results (KR) is the proportion of KR presentations to the total number of practice trials. Contrary to predictions from most traditional motor learning perspectives (e.g., Adams, 1971;Schmidt, 1975; Thorndike, 1927), recent evidence suggests that, compared with practice in 100% relative frequency conditions, practice with lower relative frequencies may be beneficial to longer-term retention and learning, but detrimental to practice performance. Three experiments are reported in which the effects of variations in acquisition KR relative frequency were examined. Experiment 1 showed that a markedly reduced KR relative frequency during practice was as effective for learning as measured by various retention tests, compared with a 100% KR practice condition. In Experiments 2 and 3, when the scheduling of KR was manipulated so that the number of KR trials was systematically lowered across practice, a reduced average relative frequency enhanced learning as measured by a delayed no-KR retention test (Experiment 2) and a retention test in which KR was provided (Experiment 3). Results are inconsistent with predictions from an acquisition-test specificity hypothesis and conventional motor learning theories and thus suggest a revision in the principles governing the role of KR for motor learning. Empirical support is provided for the KR guidance hypothesis (Salmoni, Schmidt, & Walter, 1984) and for various encoding-retrieval operations associated with spaced retrieval practice. Possible learning strategies invoked by relative frequency and other related practice variations are discussed with respect to response consistency and the development of intrinsic error detection mechanisms.

Kwakkel, G. et al. (2017) Standardized measurement of sensorimotor recovery in stroke trials: consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable. International Journal of Stroke, 12(5), pp. 451-461. (doi:10.1177/1747493017711813) This is the author's final accepted version.There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it.http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/144577/