The western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is a climatically sensitive region where foundational changes at the basis of the food web have been recorded; cryptophytes are gradually outgrowing diatoms together with a decreased size spectrum of the phytoplankton community. Based on a 11‐year (2008–2018) in‐situ dataset, we demonstrate a strong coupling between biomass accumulation of cryptophytes, summer upper ocean stability, and the mixed layer depth. Our results shed light on the environmental conditions favoring the cryptophyte success in coastal regions of the WAP, especially during situations of shallower mixed layers associated with lower diatom biomass, which evidences a clear competition or niche segregation between diatoms and cryptophytes. We also unravel the cryptophyte photo‐physiological niche by exploring its capacity to thrive under high light stress normally found in confined stratified upper layers. Such conditions are becoming more frequent in the Antarctic coastal waters and will likely have significant future implications at various levels of the marine food web. The competitive advantage of cryptophytes in environments with significant light level fluctuations was supported by laboratory experiments that revealed a high flexibility of cryptophytes to grow in different light conditions driven by a fast photo‐regulating response. All tested physiological parameters support the hypothesis that cryptophytes are highly flexible regarding their growing light conditions and extremely efficient in rapidly photo‐regulating changes to environmental light levels. This plasticity would give them a competitive advantage in exploiting an ecological niche where light levels fluctuate quickly. These findings provide new insights on niche separation between diatoms and cryptophytes, which is vital for a thorough understanding of the WAP marine ecosystem.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar as morfo-espécies de dinoflagelados do microplâncton (>20 μm) das Ordens Peridiniales e Prorocentrales ao largo do Cabo de Santa Marta Grande, CSMG (SC, 28º 40' S) e Albardão-Chuí, AC (RS, 34º 40' S) durante dois cruzeiros oceanográficos: inverno de 2005 e verão de 2007. Amostras de plâncton foram coletadas através de arrastos verticais com rede de plâncton (20 μm), preservadas com formalina 4% e analisadas ao microscópio invertido equipado com câmara digital. Quando necessário, a identificação de espécies de Peridiniales foi efetuada através do número e morfologia das placas da teca realçadas com Calco Flúor Branco MR2; espécies de Prorocentrales foram identificadas com base em seu tamanho, forma, presença de processos apicais, padrão dos poros e marcas na faixa intercalar. Foram identificadas 25 espécies, das quais Protoperidinium (11), Prorocentrum (6), Corythodinium (3), Podolampas (2), Oxytoxum (2) e Heterocapsa (1). Espécies de Prorocentrum apresentaram ampla distribuição na plataforma continental do extremo sul do Brasil, enquanto as espécies de Peridiniales foram observadas principalmente na região do Albardão-Chuí durante o inverno, sob a influência da Pluma do Río de la Plata. Oxytoxum milneri foi pela primeira vez registrada na região sul do País, e Protoperidinium cassum var. cassum, P. curtipes e Heterocapsa triquetra foram registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil.

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