BackgroundTubular damage has a role in Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). We evaluated the early tubulointerstitial damage biomarkers in type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) pediatric participants and studied the correlation with classical DKD parameters.MethodsThirty-four T1DM and fifteen healthy participants were enrolled. Clinical and biochemical parameters [Glomerular filtration Rate (GFR), microalbuminuria (MAU), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] were evaluated. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α), and Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells-5 (NFAT5) levels were studied in the supernatant (S) and the exosome-like extracellular vesicles (E) fraction from urine samples.ResultsIn the T1DM, 12% had MAU >20 mg/L, 6% ACR >30 mg/g, and 88% had eGFR >140 ml/min/1.72 m2. NGAL in the S (NGAL-S) or E (NGAL-E) fraction was not detectable in the control. The NGAL-E was more frequent (p = 0.040) and higher (p = 0.002) than NGAL-S in T1DM. The T1DM participants with positive NGAL had higher age (p = 0.03), T1DM evolution (p = 0.03), and serum creatinine (p = 0.003) than negative NGAL. The NGAL-E correlated positively with tanner stage (p = 0.0036), the median levels of HbA1c before enrollment (p = 0.045) and was independent of ACR, MAU, and HbA1c at the enrollment. NFAT5 and HIF-1α levels were not detectable in T1DM or control.ConclusionUrinary exosome-like extracellular vesicles could be a new source of early detection of tubular injury biomarkers of DKD in T1DM patients.

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Starch was isolated from a non‐conventional source, Alstroemeria tubers and its physicochemical properties were evaluated. Commercial potato starch was used for comparison. The chemical compositions of the starches were similar, except in ash, protein, and lipids contents, where Alstroemeria showed lower values compared to potato. Starch recovery ratio for Alstroemeria was 86.4%. AM content and degree of crystallinity were similar. Granule size distribution for Alstroemeria was narrower compared to potato. The swelling properties of Alstroemeria were higher than for potato, increasing as temperature increased. Alstroemeria exhibited higher peak viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity; and lower gelatinization and pasting temperature compared to potato. AP MW and branch chain‐length distribution were studied. Alstroemeria had higher molar mass (Mw), gyration radii (Rz), and density (ρ) compared to potato. Potato starch had a higher proportion of intermediate/short chains (DP 13‐24) and Alstroemeria starch had a higher proportion of long chains (DP ≥ 37).

(Rev Med Chile 2018; 146: 116-121)