Low calorie triacylglycerols (TAG) presenting medium-chain fatty acids (M) at positions sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acids (L) at position sn-2 are known as MLM. This study aims at the production of MLM by acidolysis of grapeseed oil with medium-chain caprylic (C8:0) or capric (C10:0) acids. Grapeseed oil is used as source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), especially linoleic acid, at sn-2 position in TAG. Reactions are performed in batch, in solvent-free systems, during 48 h. Novel non-commercial sn-1,3 regioselective lipases are used as alternative to high-cost commercial biocatalysts, namely, the heterologous lipase from Rhizopus oryzae (rROL) immobilized in Amberlite TM IRA 96 and Carica papaya lipase (CPL)self-immobilized in papaya latex. The highest productions of new TAG are achieved at 40 C, molar ratio TAG:M of 1:2, after 48 h, with both biocatalysts, with yields varying between 38 and 69%. rROL immobilized in Amberlite IRA 96 shows a preference toward caprylic acid while CPL shows no preference toward caprylic or capric acid. First-order deactivation kinetics is observed for both biocatalysts. Halflives at 40 C are 166 and 118 h for rROL and 96 and 81 h for CPL, in the acidolysis of grapeseed oil with C8:0 or C10:0, respectively. Practical Applications: Grapeseeds of Vitis vinifera L. are a by-product of the wine industry. Using grapeseed oil to produce added-value functional oils rich in linoleic acid (essential fatty acid) may be a way of improving the revenues of the enological and oil sectors. Both lipases, and mainly Carica papaya lipase self-immobilized in papaya latex, due to its low-cost production and easy preparation, are promising non-commercial biocatalysts for the synthesis of MLM in solvent-free media. The use of a solvent-free system, in addition of being a green option, is also preferred for economic reasons, avoiding the costs with solvent and solvent recovery.

Background Acquired diaphragmatic hernia (DH) following liver transplantation (LT) is usually considered a surgical emergency. Interplay of contributing elements determines its occurrence but, in children, LT with partial liver grafts seems to be the most important causative factor. Methods This retrospective study describes the clinical scenario and outcomes of 11 patients with acquired DH following LDLT. Results During the study period, 1109 primary pediatric LDLT were performed (0.8% DH). The median age and BW of the recipients with DH at transplantation were 17 months and 11.1 kg, respectively; 63.7% of the cases had a weight/age Z‐score of less than −2 at transplantation. The median interval between transplantation and diagnosis of DH was 114 days (32–538 days). A total of 6 (54.5%) of the patients had bowel obstruction due to bowel migration into the hemithorax. Ten defects were right‐sided. Three patients required enterectomy and enterorrhaphy. Two patients required a new bilioenteric anastomosis, and one of them had complete necrosis of the Roux‐in‐Y limb. The patient with left‐side DH presented gastroesophageal perforation. Conclusion Most defects necessitate primary closure as the first treatment, and recurrence is rare. The associated problems encountered, especially related to intestinal complications, can determine increased morbidity following DH repair. Early diagnosis and intervention are required for achieving better outcomes.

Hydrogels are very promising human cartilage replacement materials since they are able to mimic its structure and properties. Besides, they can be used as platforms for drug delivery to reduce inflammatory postsurgical reactions. Polycarbonate urethane (PCU) has been used in orthopedic applications due to its long‐term biocompatibility and bio‐durability. In this work, PCU‐based hydrogels with the ability to release an anti‐inflammatory (diclofenac) were developed, for the first time, for such purpose. The materials were reinforced with different amounts of cellulose acetate (CA, 10%, 15%, and 25% w/w) or carbon nanotubes (CNT, 1% and 2% w/w) in order to improve their mechanical properties. Samples were characterized in terms of compressive and tensile mechanical behavior. It was found that 15% CA and 2% CNT reinforcement led to the best mechanical properties. Thus, these materials were further characterized in terms of morphology, wettability, and friction coefficient (CoF). Contrarily to CNTs, the addition of CA significantly increased the material's porosity. Both materials became more hydrophilic, and the CoF slightly increased for PCU + 15%CA. The materials were loaded by soaking with diclofenac, and drug release experiments were conducted. PCU, PCU + 15%CA and PCU + 2%CNT presented similar release profiles, being able to ensure a controlled release of DFN for at least 4 days. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity tests using human chondrocytes were also performed and confirmed a high biocompatibility for the three studied materials.