Epidemiological studies in man and with experimental animal models have shown that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) resulting in low birth weight is associated with higher risk of programming welfare diseases in later life. In the pig, severe IUGR occurs naturally and contribute substantially to a large intralitter variation in birth weight and may therefore be a good model for man. In the present paper the natural form of IUGR in pigs was studied close to term by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR-)based metabolomics. The NMR-based investigations revealed different metabolic profiles of plasma samples from low-birth weight (LW) and high-birth weight (HW) piglets, respectively, and differences were assigned to levels of glucose and myo-inositol. Further studies by GC-MS revealed that LW piglets had a significant higher concentration of myoinositol and D-chiro-inositol in plasma compared to larger littermates. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol have been coupled with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adults, and the present paper therefore suggests that IUGR is related to impaired glucose metabolism during fetal development, which may cause type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

a b s t r a c tAn ethyl chloroformate free fatty acid (ECF-FFA) method was developed for quantification of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk. The method is based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry with ECF insolution derivatisation and was optimised for the comprehensive analysis of FFAs (C 4 eC 18:3 ) in bovine milk. Good estimations of all FFAs, including the most water-soluble short chain free fatty acids were achieved by using in-solution derivatisation, which can be ascribed to the fact that an extraction of the milk samples with an organic phase is avoided. FFA standard solutions and raw milk samples were used to validate the proposed method. Correlation coefficients of >0.999 were obtained for all of the standards. Both the repeatability and the within three days stability of the analytical method were high (RSD <4%) for the quantified FFAs in milk. Method recovery of spiked milk samples with three different levels of FFAs was in the range 94e103%.

International audiencePhoto-oxidation of cheese products has become an issue due to the fact that packaging of cheeses in transparent materials is very frequently used. The present study aimed to give new aspects of the possible antioxidative activity of whey proteins in photo-oxidation of cheese and the whey proteins were expected to act as scavenger and thereby reduce lipid oxidation. Oxidation was investigated in low-fat model cheese with whey protein isolate (WPI) added and compared to a low-fat control cheese. The cheeses were packed in air or in vacuum, respectively, and stored under light. Accumulations of lipid hydroperoxides, pentanal, hexanal, heptanal, 1-hexanol, dimethyl disulfide and dityrosine were all found to be dependent on the availability of oxygen. The presence of WPI reduced the accumulation of both lipid and protein oxidation products. The consumption of the naturally occurring antioxidant alpha-tocopherol was not affected by the added WPI. After the seventh day of light-exposed storage during which all riboflavin was decomposed and the concentration of alpha-tocopherol had found a stable level, the presence of WPI resulted in an extension of the observed lag phase in the accumulation of secondary lipid oxidation products. As WPI reduced the accumulation of protein oxidation products as well, it is suggested that WPI is not a typical radical scavenger

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