Agriculture uses many food production chains, and herbicides participate in this process by eliminating weeds through different biochemical strategies. However, herbicides can affect non-target organisms such as bacteria, which can suffer damage if there is no efficient control of reactive oxygen species. It is not clear, according to the literature, whether the efficiency of this control needs to be selected by the presence of xenobiotics. Thus, the Pseudomonas sp. CMA 6.9 strain, collected from biofilms in an herbicide packaging washing tank, was selected for its tolerance to pesticides and analyzed for activities of different antioxidative enzymes against the herbicides Boral®, absent at the isolation site, and Heat®, present at the site; both herbicides have the same mode of action, the inhibition of the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The strain showed tolerance to both herbicides in doses up to 45 times than those applied in agriculture. The toxicity of these herbicides, which is greater for Boral®, was assessed by means of oxidative stress indicators, growth kinetics, viability, and amounts of peroxide and malondialdehyde. However, the studied strain showed two characteristic antioxidant response systems for each herbicide: glutathione-s-transferase acting to control malondialdehyde in treatments with Boral®; and catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase in the control of peroxide induced by Heat®. It is possible that this modulation of the activity of different enzymes independent of previous selection characterizes a system of metabolic plasticity that may be more general in the adaptation of microorganisms in soil and water environments subjected to chemical contaminants. This is relevant to the impact of pesticides on the diversity and abundance of microbial species as well as a promising line of metabolic studies in microbial consortia for use in bioremediation.
Metais pesados compreendem uma classe de metais com densidade superior a 5g/cm3 que em concentrações mínimas exercem funções importantes para os seres vivos, porém, quando em altas concentrações se tornam tóxicos para os organismos e para o meio ambiente. A liberação destes metais pesados na natureza está frequentemente relacionada a ações antropogênicas, como nas indústrias, na agricultura e nas atividades de mineração. Portanto, o monitoramento destes poluentes é de grande importância, a fim de evitar danos ao meio ambiente e aos seres vivos. A utilização de organismos ou comunidades de organismos como bioindicadores é um método de monitoramento ambiental bastante vantajoso, visto que há a possibilidade de avaliação dos impactos ao longo do tempo, as análises não são tendenciosas e apresentam resultados confiáveis. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo compilar artigos dos últimos 20 anos sobre organismos utilizados como bioindicadores da contaminação por metais pesados no meio ambiente. Dentre estes organismos destacaram-se as plantas, mamíferos, microrganismos, aves, peixes e insetos com notório potencial bioindicador de uma ampla gama de metais pesados. Diante da dinâmica ambiental, a obtenção de diferentes dados de bioindicadores para o monitoramento de um local se torna necessária para a obtenção de resultados mais precisos e rápidos.
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