Abstract. The paper contrasts two notions of the floating voter: the ‘modern floating voter’ and the ‘frustrated floating voter’. In doing so, social modernization is contrasted with macro stimuli as explanations of volatility. The ‘modern floating voter’ emerges from social dealignment theories. These claim (1) an increase in volatility, (2) more frequent vote switching among the well educated and the new middle class, and (3) an instrumental view of politics among floating voters. Empirical tests on German data do not deliver any support for these dealignment hypotheses (employing log‐linear models on cross‐sectional and pooled‐cross‐sectional data and ANOVA). On the other hand, the model of the ‘frustrated floating voter’, which denotes vote switching that takes place in a mood of protest, receives some support in the data. Thus, the degree of political dissatisfaction of an electorate emerges as a potential predictor of volatility. In a final step, I test if the drop in political satisfaction between 1990 and 1993 can he attributed to social change, thus indicating an indirect effect of social change on volatility. The data do not support this hypothesis. The drop in satisfaction (and thus the potential increase in volatility) most likely should be attributed to macro stimuli. Thus, the results indicate that macro phenomena (which might be historic events, economic conditions, or the like) might be more fruitful in explaining volatility than social modernization.

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This article situates the role of Johann Gottlieb Krüger (1715–1759), one representative of Halle's “reasonable doctors”, as a link between Christian Wolff's empirical psychology and the anthropology of the late Enlightenment. Krüger's “Experimental Psychology” (1756) is analyzed, particularly the distinction drawn in his work between ‘observation’ and ‘experiment’ as experiential modi. Comparison between these modi and Karl Philipp Moritz' terminology of self‐observation and observation of the other shows that experimental and empirical psychology are closer than previous research has assumed.

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