[1] Flood basalts are a potentially important host medium for geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO 2 . Most lava flows have flow tops that are porous and permeable and have enormous capacity for storage of CO 2 . Interbedded sediment layers and dense low-permeability basalt rock overlying sequential flows may act as effective seals allowing time for mineralization reactions to occur. Laboratory experiments confirm relatively rapid chemical reaction of CO 2 -saturated pore water with basalts to form stable carbonate minerals. Calculations suggest a sufficiently short time frame for onset of carbonate precipitation after CO 2 injection that verification of in situ mineralization rates appears feasible in field pilot studies. If proven viable, major flood basalts in the United States and India would provide significant additional CO 2 storage capacity and additional geologic sequestration options in certain regions where more conventional storage options are limited.

a b s t r a c tCarbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery (CO 2 -EOR) and sequestration in depleted oil reservoirs is a plausible option for utilizing anthropogenic CO 2 to increase oil production while storing CO 2 underground. Evaluation of the storage resources and cost of potential CO 2 -EOR projects is an essential step before the commencement of large-scale deployment of such activities. In this paper, a hybrid techno-economic evaluation method, including a performance model and cost model for onshore CO 2 -EOR projects, has been developed based on previous studies. Total 296 onshore oil fields, accounting for about 70% of total mature onshore oil fields in China, were evaluated by the techno-economic method. The key findings of this study are summarized as follows:(1) deterministic analysis shows there are approximately 1.1 billion tons (7.7 billion barrels) of incremental crude oil and 2.2 billion tons CO 2 storage resource for onshore CO 2 -EOR at net positive revenue within the Chinese oil fields reviewed under the given operating strategy and economic assumptions. (2) Sensitivity study highlights that the cumulative oil production and cumulative CO 2 storage resource are very sensitive to crude oil price, CO 2 cost, project lifetime, discount rate and tax policy. High oil price, short project lifetime, low discount rate, low CO 2 cost, and low tax policy can greatly increase the net income of the oil enterprise, incremental oil recovery and CO 2 storage resource.(3) From this techno-economic evaluation, the major barriers to large-scale deployment of CO 2 -EOR include complex geological conditions, low API of crude oil, high tax policy, and lack of incentives for the CO 2 -EOR project.

No abstract

Recent progress in hypertension therapy allows us to select appropriate drugs from the large variety of antihypertensive drugs for treating hypertensive patients, once hypertension is diagnosed. Antihypertensive drugs include angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, diuretics, calcium entry blockers, P-adrenergic receptor antagonists, a,-adrenergic receptor antagonists, centrally acting a2-adrenergic receptor stimulants, and so forth. It may be said that we are hardly in need of any more drugs against hypertension. Most of these drugs, however, are used for "therapeutic purposes" to suppress the symptoms of hypertension by mitigation of the increased vascular tone. We do not have any prophylactic drugs, since neither the primary cause nor the pathogenesis of essential hypertension has yet been properly identified, despite intensive research on the mechanisms involved in its development.ACE inhibitors are among the most effective antihypertensives. However, studies over a period of years on the genetic and environmental determi-Advancer m Phameculogy, Volume 44 nants of hypertension, lipid abnormalities, and coronary artery disease in Utah in population-based multigenerational pedigrees (Williams et al., 1993) and related investigations revealed that the genetic loci for the structural genes for renin (Williams et al., 1993) and ACE (Jeunemaitre et al., 1992a) and the sodium antiport system (Lifton et al., 1991) were not DNA markers for hypertension.In contrast, segregating single-gene effects were found for several "intermediate phenotypes" associated with hypertension, including intraerythro- Renal Kallikrein-Kinin System in Hypertension I49Although the etiology of essential hypertension is still obscure despite all efforts to identify it, an ongoing series of studies with BN-Ka rats have led us to a reliable hypothesis on the role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in this condition and also on its role in preventing the development of hypertension in the early stage. This chapter discusses the possible suppressive role of the renal kallikrein-kinin system in hypertension and, on this basis, will propose the novel types of antihypertensive drugs.

No abstract