RESUMONesta pesquisa objetivou-se caracterizar a fitossociologia de plantas daninhas na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivado nos períodos de outono-inverno (2010), primavera-verão (2010/2011) e verão-outono (2011) em Urutaí, GO. Foram efetuadas 144 amostragens na colheita dos feijoeiros por meio do lançamento, ao acaso, de um quadrado metálico de 0,25 m 2 . As espécies foram identificadas, contadas e pesadas e, em seguida, se calcularam as frequências, densidades e dominâncias, absolutas e relativas, o índice de valor de importância e a importância relativa (IR) das espécies. Foram identificadas 24 espécies distribuídas em 22 gêneros e em 8 famílias. A família mais representativa foi a Poaceae, seguida por Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Commelineaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae e Cyperaceae. A Zea mays apresentou o maior IR, seguida por Cyperus rotundus na safra de outono-inverno, enquanto no período primavera-verão a espécie Ageratum conyzoides foi a mais importante. Digitaria horizontalis e Bidens pilosa foram, respectivamente, as espécies mais importantes nos feijoeiros cultivados na época de verão-outono. Palavras-chave: comunidade infestante, ecofisiologia, Phaseolus vulgaris Phytosociology of weeds in bean crop ABSTRACTThis research aimed to characterize the phytosociology of weeds in the bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivated in the autumn-winter periods (2010), spring-summer (2010/2011) and summer-autumn (2011) in Urutaí GO. A metallic square of 0.25 m 2 was randomly launched in 144 sampling spots of the bean crop, at the harvest. Species were identified, counted and weighed, and then frequencies, densities and dominances, both in absolute and relative terms, were calculated. The index of importance value and the relative importance (RI) of the species were also determined. Twenty-four species were identified in 22 genera and 8 families. The family Poaceae was the most representative, followed by Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Commelineaceae, Convolvulaceae, Fabaceae and Cyperaceae. Zea mays presented the highest RI, followed by Cyperus rotundus in autumn-winter season, while during spring-summer specie Ageratum conyzoides was the most important. Digitaria horizontalis and Bidens pilosa were, respectively, the most important species in bean cultivation in summer-autumn season.
A great diversity of species of microorganisms are present in the rumen environmental with specific functions in the degradation of carbohydrates, protein and lipids. However, the knowledge of the interactions between the different species of microorganisms in the rumen ecosystem and their specific substrates were used to improve nutritional management and can increase production of meat or milk. A balanced nutritional management is very important. When inappropriate feedstuffs are used on diet formulation for cattle, there is a decrease in the growth of microorganisms in the rumen. And the availability of the use of protein synthesized in rumen for all metabolisms of the animal.
Resumo -O ácido 2,4-diclorafenóxacético (2,4-D) tem causado efeitos tóxicos em várias culturas cultivadas vizinhas ao local na qual foi destinado, devido à deriva durante sua aplicação. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar o efeito da deriva simulada por meio de subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D em plantas de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.). Testaram-se em blocos completos casualizados com seis repetições as doses de 0; 1, 67; 3,35; 6,70; 16,75; 33,50; 67,00 e 134,00 g ha -1 de equivalente ácido do herbicida. A unidade experimental foi de um vaso contendo uma planta de pequi. A aplicação de 2,4-D causou sintomas leves de epinastia nas folhas, com valores entre 6,25 e 13,33% de fitointoxicação nas plantas de pequi; contudo, ocorreu a recuperação das plantas a partir dos 15 dias após a aplicação. Foi observado efeito hormético para as variáveis área foliar, área foliar específica e razão de área foliar. Porém, com o aumento das doses, verificou-se redução no crescimento das mudas, caracterizada pela diminuição nas variáveis foliares e massa seca total das plantas. Comparado ao controle (dose zero) foram observados maiores valores da partição de fotoassimilados para a parte aérea das plantas. Initial growth of Caryocar brasiliense plants after application of 2,4-DAbstract -The 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acid (2,4-D) causes toxic effects on various cultivated crops surrounding the place in which it is sprayed due to drift. This work evaluated low doses of 2,4-D herbicide in simulated drifting on Caryocar brasiliense, Camb. seedlings. They were tested in a randomized complete block design with six replications, using herbicide acid equivalent doses of 0; 1. 67, 3.35, 6.70, 16.75, 33.50, 67.00 and 134.00 g ha -1 . The experimental unit was a vessel containing one C. brasiliense plant. The application of 2,4-D caused low epinasty in leaves with values between 6.25 to 13.33% phytotoxicity in C. brasiliense. However, there was full recovery of the plants 15 days after application. Hormesis effect was observed for leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio variables. However, with increasing doses there were reductions in seedlings growth characterized by reduction in leaf variables and plants total dry matter. Compared to control (zero dose) higher values of assimilates partition for aerial part of the plants were observed.
-The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of using different herbicides as desiccants in pre-harvest and the effects of storage on the physiological and sanitary quality of azuki bean seeds (Vigna angularis Willd). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design in a split plot scheme, with four replications. Four herbicides were tested: paraquat (400 g a.i. ha -1 ), glufosinate ammonium (400 g a.i. ha -1 ), glyphosate (720 g a.i. ha -1 ), flumioxazin (30 g a.i. ha -1 ) and a control without herbicide application. In the subplots seed quality was tested in two evaluation periods: at harvest and six months after harvest. Desiccant was applied when the azuki beans were physiologically mature. We assessed the physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds using a vigour and seed health test. The use of glyphosate resulted in a higher incidence of abnormal seedlings and reduced size and weight of the seedlings. With paraquat and flumioxazin the physiological quality was maintained and there was reduced pathogen infestation in the seeds six months after harvest. Storage affected the physiological quality of the azuki bean seeds. ), glyphosate (720 g e.a ha -1 ), flumioxazin (30 g i.a ha -1 ) e uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicida; e nas subparcelas as duas épocas de armazenamento das sementes (colheita e 6 meses após a colheita). A aplicação dos dessecantes ocorreu na maturidade fisiológica do feijoeiro. Foi avaliado a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes através de teste de vigor e sanidade de sementes. O uso do herbicida glyphosate promoveu maior incidência de plântulas anormais e redução do tamanho e massa das plântulas. Os herbicidas paraquat e flumioxazin mantiveram a qualidade fisiológica das sementes e promoveram menor infestação de patógenos aos seis meses após a colheita. O armazenamento afetou a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão azuki. KeywordsPalavras-chave: Vigna angularis Willd. Vigor. Conservação de sementes. Tratamento de sementes.
-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar a produção do girassol na safrinha, suplementado ou não, com irrigação após os cultivos de soja, milho ou capim-marandu. Testaram-se, em blocos casualizados e em parcelas subdivididas (2 x 3), a irrigação suplementar por pivô central e a condição de sequeiro nas parcelas e nas subparcelas o cultivo das culturas antecessoras soja, milho e capim-marandu, com quatro repetições. A altura, o diâmetro da haste, a massa seca da parte aérea, o número de folhas por planta e a área foliar foram avaliados aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após a emergência das plantas de girassol. Plantas de girassol apresentaram porte elevado em todas as condições de cultivo sem variabilidade na evolução do diâmetro da haste e do número de folhas. Menor área foliar foi observada em plantas de girassol cultivadas em palha de milho e de capim em condições não irrigadas. Não foram observados efeitos significativos sobre os componentes de rendimento: massa de mil sementes, diâmetro do capítulo e rendimentos de óleo e de grãos. Após o cultivo da soja as plantas de girassol produziram maior massa seca da parte aérea e maior teor de óleo nas sementes que as plantas estabelecidas em palhada de milho.Sunflower production grown after soybeans, corn and palisade grass, with and without supplemental irrigation A B S T R A C TThe objective of this research was to evaluate the production of sunflower in the offseason, supplemented or not with irrigation and cultivated after the crops of soybeans, corn or palisade grass. The treatments were allocated in a randomized blocks design in split plot (2x3), the supplemental irrigation by center pivot and without irrigation in the plots, and in the subplots the crops predecessors: soybeans, corn and palisade grass, with four replications. The height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight, number of leaves per plant and leaf area were evaluated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after emergence of sunflower plants. Sunflower plants were tall under all cultivation conditions, without variability in the evolution of stem diameter and of number of leaves. Leaf area was less in sunflower plants grown under corn straw and palisade grass under non-irrigated conditions. No significant effects on yield components -mass of thousand seeds, head diameter and oil and grain yield were observed. After cultivation of soybean, sunflower plants produced greater dry mass of shoots and higher oil content in the seed compared to plants established under corn stalk. Palavras-chave:Helianthus annuus Zea mays Glycine max Urochloa brizantha cultivo de safrinha
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