Resumo -O ácido 2,4-diclorafenóxacético (2,4-D) tem causado efeitos tóxicos em várias culturas cultivadas vizinhas ao local na qual foi destinado, devido à deriva durante sua aplicação. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa, avaliar o efeito da deriva simulada por meio de subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D em plantas de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.). Testaram-se em blocos completos casualizados com seis repetições as doses de 0; 1, 67; 3,35; 6,70; 16,75; 33,50; 67,00 e 134,00 g ha -1 de equivalente ácido do herbicida. A unidade experimental foi de um vaso contendo uma planta de pequi. A aplicação de 2,4-D causou sintomas leves de epinastia nas folhas, com valores entre 6,25 e 13,33% de fitointoxicação nas plantas de pequi; contudo, ocorreu a recuperação das plantas a partir dos 15 dias após a aplicação. Foi observado efeito hormético para as variáveis área foliar, área foliar específica e razão de área foliar. Porém, com o aumento das doses, verificou-se redução no crescimento das mudas, caracterizada pela diminuição nas variáveis foliares e massa seca total das plantas. Comparado ao controle (dose zero) foram observados maiores valores da partição de fotoassimilados para a parte aérea das plantas. Initial growth of Caryocar brasiliense plants after application of 2,4-DAbstract -The 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acid (2,4-D) causes toxic effects on various cultivated crops surrounding the place in which it is sprayed due to drift. This work evaluated low doses of 2,4-D herbicide in simulated drifting on Caryocar brasiliense, Camb. seedlings. They were tested in a randomized complete block design with six replications, using herbicide acid equivalent doses of 0; 1. 67, 3.35, 6.70, 16.75, 33.50, 67.00 and 134.00 g ha -1 . The experimental unit was a vessel containing one C. brasiliense plant. The application of 2,4-D caused low epinasty in leaves with values between 6.25 to 13.33% phytotoxicity in C. brasiliense. However, there was full recovery of the plants 15 days after application. Hormesis effect was observed for leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio variables. However, with increasing doses there were reductions in seedlings growth characterized by reduction in leaf variables and plants total dry matter. Compared to control (zero dose) higher values of assimilates partition for aerial part of the plants were observed.
A determinação dos períodos de interferência torna-se necessário para delinear medidas de manejo de plantas daninhas em pastagens, principalmente quando a comunidade infestante interfere na produção de forragem. Assim, objetivou-se determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na implantação da pastagem de Urochloa brizantha e avaliar a capacidade de rebrota desta após o corte. Foram conduzidos dois ensaios relacionados aos períodos de convivência e de controle de plantas daninhas com a forrageira. No primeiro, os tratamentos consistiram em períodos de convivência a partir da emergência com períodos iniciais crescentes de 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56 e 66 dias após a emergência (DAE) de U. brizantha. As parcelas foram mantidas livres da convivência de plantas daninhas por capinas manuais semanais após cada período de convivência. No segundo, os tratamentos consistiram em períodos de controle, onde a forrageira foi mantida, a partir da emergência, sem a convivência com plantas daninhas pelos mesmos períodos, e aquelas que emergiram após não foram controladas até o corte da forrageira, aos 66 DAE. Nicandra physaloides foi a planta daninha de maior ocorrência na pastagem. Quanto maior foi o período de convivência das plantas daninhas com a forrageira maior foi a interferência daquelas sobre o perfilhamento e a produção de forragem, principalmente de folhas. O período crítico de interferência de plantas daninhas na pastagem situou-se dos 8 aos 34 DAE. Na rebrota da forrageira, a interferência de plantas daninhas afetou o perfilhamento, cobertura vegetal das parcelas e a produção de folhas da forrageira.
The use of soybean varieties resistant to the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D may lead to drifts towards areas grown with non-resistant varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dicamba and 2,4-D underdoses applied at the phenological stages V4 and R2 of soybeans. Two experiments were conducted with dicamba or 2,4-D in a randomized block design with four replications. The 4 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme was composed of four doses (0.028, 0.28, 2.8, and 28 g ae ha−1) of dicamba or 2,4-D applied at two phenological stages (V4 and R2) + a control treatment (without herbicide application). Dicamba underdoses caused damage to soybean crop affecting its vegetative growth and yield; the injuries caused by 2,4-D were neither enough to damage crop nor affect yield components. Dicamba underdoses applied at V4 caused injuries of up to 41%, while in R2 they reached 70%. Plant height decreased by up to 61% when treated with dicamba. Soybean yield was reduced by 29 and 76% when the simulated drift occurred at V4 and R2, respectively, and at a dose of 28 g ae ha−1 of dicamba. For the tested underdoses, only 2,4-D had no effect in soybean crop yield.
Capsicum peppers are one of the most important vegetables and a plethora of cultivars can be found within common pepper, C. annuum. In this regard, Spain is a center of diversity for this crop. Many studies on bioactive compounds have been done in peppers, although very little is known about their mineral content. In the present work fruits from a comprehensive collection of Capsicum accessions, mostly C. annuum landraces, were grown in open ield in Valencia (Spain) and evaluated at both unripe and fully ripe stages for their content in several minerals: P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe. The effects of the genotype, fruit ripening stage, and the genotype×ripening stage were studied. A wide genotypic diversity was found for minerals. Thus, the difference between the lowest and highest genotype means was about twice in both ripening stages for P, Ca, and Mg and for K in fully ripe fruits. Finally, Fe levels were 0.7-3.1% in unripe fruits and 1.07-5.1% in fully ripe fruits. Our results indicate that C. annuum fruits are a good source of K, particularly when unripe. With very few exceptions, P, K and particularly Ca decreased on average and in most genotypes with the ripening process. By contrast, Mg showed a strong genotype×stage interaction. Here we found a wide diversity among C. annuum genotypes for the content in most minerals, particularly in P, Ca and Mg, as well as high levels of K. Moreover, unripe fruits usually show higher levels of these minerals than fully ripe fruits.
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