Infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, is one of the most frequent zoonoses in the world; it normally affects both genders equally. Humans are one of several possible intermediate hosts, and the disease is oligosymptomatic in most cases. Vertical transmission is an important cause of fetal malformation and sequels in newborns. Approximately 10% of postnatal cases present multiple manifestations, ranging from low fever and mild lymphadenopathy to severe encephalitis. In moderate cases, lesions such as retinochoroiditis may emerge during acute infection or even years later. We analyzed 313 cases of toxoplasmosis from 1992 to 2004, including 261 acute cases. Most patients were women (68.1%), and 39% of these were pregnant. Among acute infection cases, 64.8% presented symptomatic disease; the most frequent manifestations were lymphadenomegaly (59.8%), fever (27.2%), headache (10.7%), asthenia (10%), weight loss (8.4%), myalgia (8%), retinochoroiditis (3.4%) and hepatosplenomegaly (1.5%). Although ocular lesions by T. gondii are well documented as a possible consequence of postnatal infection, two patients developed retinochoroiditis only two years after primary infection. This demonstrates the need for toxoplasmosis case surveillance, even long after acute manifestations.
To determine the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis among the general population of the district of Santa Rita de Cassia, Barra Mansa, State of Rio de Janeiro, a cross-sectional study on 1,071 individuals was performed. These subjects underwent serological tests (anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM) and physical and ophthalmological examinations. The diagnosis of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis was based on clinical and serological criteria and the appearance of the retinochoroidal lesion. The lesions were classified into three morphological types: 1. Limits marked with a halo of hyperpigmentation and an area of central chorioretinal atrophy; 2. Hypopigmented halo and hyperpigmented central area; and 3. Hyperpigmented or hypopigmented. The prevalence of healed lesions compatible with ocular toxoplasmosis was 3.8% among the general population and 5.8% among individuals who were seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii (65.9% of the individuals evaluated). Type-1 lesions (41.5%), female sex (68.3%), peripheral lesions (58.5%) and lesions smaller than three disc diameters predominated.
P ara algumas pessoas, a arqueologia pode remeter ao romantismo de personagens da literatura, cinema e televisão, envolvendo a busca de civilizações perdidas ou objetos míticos. Aos mais familiarizados, consiste no estudo de sociedades extintas por meio de vestígios físicos, o que, por vezes, nos ajuda a compreender o mundo em que vivemos. Geralmente esses estudos se baseiam em artefatos do cotidiano, expressões artísticas, ferramentas e utensílios, ou construções arquitetônicas. No entanto, marcadores biológicos também se prestam a reconstruir o modo de vida do homem antigo, sua interação com o ambiente e sua expansão pelo mundo. E algumas vezes, objetos de ouro e prata trancafiados em baús perdidos dão lugar a materiais tão valiosos quanto aqueles, mesmo que de natureza menos prestigiada.Essa outra perspectiva é trazida pelo livro Paleoparasitologia, publicado em 2008 e que integra a coleção Temas em Saúde, da Editora Fiocruz. A coleção procura apresentar, a profissionais da área e público em geral, discussões sobre tópicos em saúde pública que estejam em sintonia com as produções científicas e discussões mais recentes. Em formato de bolso e com 128 páginas, o livro nos conduz a uma breve revisão sobre os estudos paleoparasitológicos no Brasil e no mundo, intercalando conteúdos científicos com relatos de experiências bem humoradas, vivenciadas pelos autores e outros pesquisadores da área.
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